Biology Control and Coordination
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Questions and Answers

What are the two primary systems responsible for control and coordination in animals?

  • Nervous and Endocrine systems (correct)
  • Circulatory and Excretory systems
  • Skeletal and Muscular systems
  • Digestive and Respiratory systems

Which of the following best describes a 'stimulus' in the context of the nervous system?

  • The reaction of the body to a change.
  • Any change in the environment or within the body that causes a reaction. (correct)
  • The structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
  • The specialized tips of a nerve cell.

Which of these options correctly pairs a receptor with its corresponding sense organ?

  • Photoreceptors - Eyes (correct)
  • Olfactory receptor - Tongue
  • Photoreceptors - Skin
  • Gustatory receptor - Nose

What is the fundamental structural and functional unit of the nervous system?

<p>Neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example best depicts both a stimulus and response?

<p>Touching a hot plate and withdrawing your hand. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is primarily responsible for collecting information related to the nervous system?

<p>Sensory Nerves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these describes the 'tropic movement'?

<p>A directional movement in response to a stimulus or environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary role does the Central Nervous System (CNS) have in coordinating movement between nervous and muscular tissue?

<p>Collects information from sensory nerves and produces motor output. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary actions such as blood pressure and salivation?

<p>Medulla (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tropism involves a plant's growth response to chemical stimuli, such as the pollen tube towards the ovule?

<p>Chemotropism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'thinking' part of the brain, where voluntary actions are controlled, and memory is stored is called the:

<p>Cerebrum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key function of plant hormones?

<p>To coordinate all parts of the plant including growth and response to the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is Auxin predominantly synthesized in a plant?

<p>Shoot tip (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT one of the 3 major anatomical regions of the human brain?

<p>Pons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for the precise control of voluntary actions and maintains posture and balance?

<p>Cerebellum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is a muscle contraction?

<p>The change in shape and arrangement of proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates movement in plants that is independent of growth?

<p>The dropping of leaves in a Touch-me-not plant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a neuron's dendrites?

<p>To acquire information from other neurons or sensory receptors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a brain structure with one of its primary functions?

<p>Hypothalamus - Chemical co-ordination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of the axon in a neuron?

<p>It transmits an electrical impulse away from the cell body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The spinal cord is protected by which of the following?

<p>Vertebral column (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these brain structures is most associated with the regulation of respiration?

<p>Pons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the function of the synapse in neural communication?

<p>It's the location where an electrical signal is converted to a chemical message for transmission to the next neuron. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of neurotransmitters in the process of neural signaling?

<p>To carry chemical signals across the synapse to the next neuron. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be an example of a voluntary action controlled by the cerebrum?

<p>Raising your hand to answer a question (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a reflex action from a voluntary action?

<p>A reflex action is controlled by the spinal cord, while a voluntary action is controlled by the forebrain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a basic reflex arc, what is the role of the sensory nerves?

<p>To convey information from the receptor organ to the spinal cord. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an involuntary action?

<p>Heartbeat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of stimulus to response in a reflex arc?

<p>Stimulus → receptor organ → sensory nerves → spinal cord → motor nerves → effector organ. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant hormone is primarily responsible for stem growth?

<p>Gibberellin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of cytokinins?

<p>Promoting cell division (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is considered a stress hormone in plants, typically inhibiting growth and causing wilting?

<p>Abscisic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are hormones primarily known as in the context of the endocrine system?

<p>Chemical messengers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is produced by the pituitary gland?

<p>Growth hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of thyroxine, secreted by the thyroid gland?

<p>Regulating metabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released during emergency situations, increasing blood pressure and heart rate?

<p>Adrenaline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for reducing and regulating blood sugar levels?

<p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, what is the primary method by which an individual with diabetes manages their condition?

<p>Internally administering injections of insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process ensures that hormones are secreted in the correct quantities at the right times?

<p>Feedback Mechanism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate response of the pancreas when a rise in blood sugar level is detected?

<p>It initiates synthesis of insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the diagram, what happens after an increase in blood sugar is detected by the pancreas cells?

<p>Insulin is synthesized and released (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action does the body take when blood sugar levels fall after insulin is secreted?

<p>The pancreas stops secreting more insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options best describes the role of the feedback mechanism in hormone secretion?

<p>It regulates the amount of hormones secreted based on the body's requirements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, what kind of substance is insulin considered?

<p>A hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the diagram, what serves as an indicator, similar to a float in a water tank, to control the secretion of insulin?

<p>The blood sugar level (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Stimulus Response

The ability of living organisms to respond and react to changes in their surroundings such as heat, light, or touch.

Receptors

Specialized nerve cells that detect information from the environment.

Neuron

The structural and functional unit of the nervous system.

Nervous System

The system in animals that controls and coordinates actions, receives information from the environment, and sends information to muscles and glands.

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Stimulus

A change in the environment that causes a response in an organism.

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Synapse

The junction between the end of one neuron's axon and the dendrite of another neuron, allowing for the transmission of electrical signals.

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Nerve Impulse

An electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron.

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Dendrite

The part of a neuron that receives incoming signals from other neurons.

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Cell Body

The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and carries out the cell's metabolic functions.

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Axon

The long, slender part of a neuron that transmits signals away from the cell body.

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Reflex Action

A rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus that involves the spinal cord, not the brain.

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Reflex Arc

The pathway through which a reflex action travels, involving sensory, motor, and interneurons.

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Voluntary Response

Actions controlled by the forebrain, involving conscious decision-making.

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What is the function of the Cerebrum?

The most complex part of the brain responsible for thinking, controlling voluntary actions, storing information, and regulating hunger.

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What is the function of the Hypothalamus?

The chemical coordinator of the brain, responsible for maintaining the body's internal balance and releasing hormones.

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What is the function of the Pituitary Gland?

The master gland of the endocrine system, responsible for secreting hormones that control other glands in the body.

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What is the function of the Cerebellum?

The part of the brain responsible for coordinating movement, balance, and posture.

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What is the function of the Medulla?

Controls involuntary actions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

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What is the function of the Pons?

Helps regulate respiration and acts as a bridge between different parts of the brain.

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How is the brain protected?

A fluid-filled sac that protects the brain from shock.

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How is the spinal cord protected?

The spinal cord is enclosed in a bony column called the vertebral column.

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Plant hormone

A chemical compound produced by plants that regulates their growth, development, and response to their environment.

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Tropism

The directional growth of a plant in response to a stimulus, such as light.

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Phototropism

The growth of a plant in response to light. Plants grow towards the light source.

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Geotropism

The growth of a plant in response to gravity. The root grows downwards and the shoot grows upwards.

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Chemotropism

The growth of a plant in response to chemicals. For example, the growth of a pollen tube towards the ovule.

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Hydrotropism

The growth of a plant in response to water. Roots grow towards water sources.

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Hormones

A chemical messenger that helps in various physiological processes, including growth, development, and metabolism.

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Endocrine system

A group of glands that produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

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Gibberellin

A plant hormone responsible for promoting stem growth.

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Cytokinins

A plant hormone that stimulates cell division and is involved in promoting leaf growth.

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Abscisic acid

A plant hormone that inhibits growth and promotes leaf wilting during stress.

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Thyroxine

The hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

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Growth hormone

The hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates growth and development.

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Adrenaline

The hormone produced by the adrenal glands that prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses.

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What is a receptor?

A specialized cell in an organism that detects and responds to stimuli from the environment, such as light, sound, touch, temperature, or chemicals.

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What are hormones?

A chemical messenger produced in small amounts by specialized cells in the body. These messengers travel in the bloodstream to target cells and tissues, where they influence specific physiological processes.

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What is feedback mechanism?

The process by which the body regulates the secretion of hormones to maintain a stable internal environment. It involves a series of feedback loops that monitor and adjust hormone levels according to the body's needs.

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How does the pancreas regulate blood sugar levels?

The pancreas is a gland that secretes insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. When blood sugar rises, the pancreas releases insulin, which helps cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream. This lowers blood sugar levels. However, when blood sugar falls, the pancreas stops releasing insulin.

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What is insulin and what does it do?

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a vital role in regulating blood sugar levels. It allows cells to absorb glucose from the bloodstream, lowering blood sugar. Without insulin, glucose cannot enter cells, leading to high blood sugar levels.

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What is diabetes?

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels. This occurs when the body either does not produce enough insulin (Type 1 diabetes) or cannot use insulin properly (Type 2 diabetes). This can lead to various health complications if not managed.

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What is the central nervous system (CNS)?

The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center of the body, comprised of the brain and spinal cord. It receives sensory information, processes it, and sends out instructions to muscles and glands. It is responsible for all our thoughts, actions, and bodily functions.

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What is a synapse?

The synapse is a tiny gap between two neurons where nerve impulses are transmitted. When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon, it releases neurotransmitters, chemical messengers that cross the synapse and stimulate the next neuron, allowing the signal to continue.

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Study Notes

Control and Coordination

  • Living organisms respond and react to stimuli like heat, light, cold, touch, and pressure, but respond differently.
  • Animals use a nervous and endocrine system for control and coordination.
  • Nervous systems receive information from the environment and from different body parts (stimuli).
  • The nervous system causes responses to stimuli through muscles and glands.
  • A stimulus is a change in the environment or within the body that prompts a response.
  • A response is the body's reaction to a stimulus.
  • Receptors are specialized nerve cells that detect information from the environment.

Sense Organs

  • Receptors are located in sense organs.
  • Examples of sense organs include the eyes, ears, skin, nose, and tongue
  • Photoreceptors are in the eyes detect light
  • Hearing, balance, and other stimuli are detected in the inner ear.
  • Skin receptors detect touch, pain, and temperature.
  • Olfactory receptors (nose) detect smell.
  • Gustatory receptors (tongue) detect taste.

Neuron

  • A neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
  • Neurons have three main parts: dendrites, cell body (and axon), and synapse
  • Dendrites receive information.
  • Information travels through the axon as an electrical impulse.
  • Synapses are the points of contact between neurons where electrical signals are converted into chemical messages for onward transmission.
  • Impulses pass through a synapse by the release of neurotransmitters.

Reflex Action

  • Reflex actions are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli.
  • They involve the spinal cord, not the brain.
  • Examples include pulling your hand away from a hot object and knee-jerk responses.
  • Reflex arcs are the pathways through which impulses pass during a reflex action.

Human Nervous System

  • The human nervous system has three main parts: -Central Nervous System (CNS) : comprising the brain and spinal cord -Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) : containing cranial and spinal nerves. -Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) : controlling involuntary actions, eg, heart rate, digestion.

Human Brain

  • The forebrain is the most complex part of the brain, responsible for higher-level thinking.
  • The forebrain contains areas involved in thinking, memory, and the senses.
  • The forebrain also includes the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland that control chemical coordination.
  • The midbrain is involved in integrating sensory information and controlling some reflex actions.
  • The hindbrain controls involuntary actions (e.g., breathing and heart rate).
  • The hindbrain includes the cerebellum (balance and posture), pons (involuntary actions), and the medulla (involuntary actions like breathing).

Protection of Brain and Spinal Cord

  • The brain is protected by the cranium (skull).
  • The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column.

Coordination in Plants

  • Plants respond to stimuli.
  • They show tropisms which are directional growth responses to external stimuli.
  • Examples of tropisms include phototropism (movement towards light), geotropism (movement towards gravity), chemotropism (movement toward chemical stimuli), and hydrotropism (movement toward water).
  • Plants also have plant hormones, which help regulate growth and responses to the environment.

Plant Hormones

  • Plant hormones are chemical compounds that coordinate growth, development, and responses to the environment
  • Examples include auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid

Hormones in Animals

  • Hormones are chemical messengers that help coordinate the body's functions.

  • They are secreted by ductless glands called endocrine glands, they control and coordinate body responses through chemical compounds (hormones).

  • Iodised salt is necessary for thyroxine production, crucial for metabolism.

  • Iodine deficiency can lead to goitre.

  • Diabetes is caused by insufficient insulin, leading to high blood sugar.

Exercise (Question Bank)

  • This section includes short answer and long answer questions to test comprehension.

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Control and Coordination 10th Science Notes PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating ways living organisms respond to stimuli through their nervous and endocrine systems. This quiz covers the role of receptors and sense organs in detecting changes in the environment and initiating appropriate responses. Test your knowledge on how different organisms use their sensory systems for coordination.

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