Biology Control and Coordination

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Questions and Answers

What are the two primary systems responsible for control and coordination in animals?

Nervous and Endocrine systems (correct)

Circulatory and Excretory systems

Skeletal and Muscular systems

Digestive and Respiratory systems

Which of the following best describes a 'stimulus' in the context of the nervous system?

The reaction of the body to a change.

Any change in the environment or within the body that causes a reaction. (correct)

The structural and functional unit of the nervous system.

The specialized tips of a nerve cell.

Which of these options correctly pairs a receptor with its corresponding sense organ?

Photoreceptors - Eyes (correct)

Olfactory receptor - Tongue

Photoreceptors - Skin

Gustatory receptor - Nose

What is the fundamental structural and functional unit of the nervous system?

Neuron Signup and view all the answers

Which example best depicts both a stimulus and response?

Touching a hot plate and withdrawing your hand. Signup and view all the answers

What structure is primarily responsible for collecting information related to the nervous system?

Sensory Nerves Signup and view all the answers

Which of these describes the 'tropic movement'?

A directional movement in response to a stimulus or environment Signup and view all the answers

What primary role does the Central Nervous System (CNS) have in coordinating movement between nervous and muscular tissue?

Collects information from sensory nerves and produces motor output. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary actions such as blood pressure and salivation?

Medulla Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tropism involves a plant's growth response to chemical stimuli, such as the pollen tube towards the ovule?

Chemotropism Signup and view all the answers

The 'thinking' part of the brain, where voluntary actions are controlled, and memory is stored is called the:

Cerebrum Signup and view all the answers

What is the key function of plant hormones?

To coordinate all parts of the plant including growth and response to the environment Signup and view all the answers

Where is Auxin predominantly synthesized in a plant?

Shoot tip Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT one of the 3 major anatomical regions of the human brain?

Pons Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for the precise control of voluntary actions and maintains posture and balance?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is a muscle contraction?

The change in shape and arrangement of proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates movement in plants that is independent of growth?

The dropping of leaves in a Touch-me-not plant. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a neuron's dendrites?

To acquire information from other neurons or sensory receptors. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a brain structure with one of its primary functions?

Hypothalamus - Chemical co-ordination Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of the axon in a neuron?

It transmits an electrical impulse away from the cell body. Signup and view all the answers

The spinal cord is protected by which of the following?

Vertebral column Signup and view all the answers

Which of these brain structures is most associated with the regulation of respiration?

Pons Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the function of the synapse in neural communication?

It's the location where an electrical signal is converted to a chemical message for transmission to the next neuron. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of neurotransmitters in the process of neural signaling?

To carry chemical signals across the synapse to the next neuron. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be an example of a voluntary action controlled by the cerebrum?

Raising your hand to answer a question Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a reflex action from a voluntary action?

A reflex action is controlled by the spinal cord, while a voluntary action is controlled by the forebrain. Signup and view all the answers

In a basic reflex arc, what is the role of the sensory nerves?

To convey information from the receptor organ to the spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an involuntary action?

Heartbeat. Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of stimulus to response in a reflex arc?

Stimulus → receptor organ → sensory nerves → spinal cord → motor nerves → effector organ. Signup and view all the answers

Which plant hormone is primarily responsible for stem growth?

Gibberellin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of cytokinins?

Promoting cell division Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is considered a stress hormone in plants, typically inhibiting growth and causing wilting?

Abscisic acid Signup and view all the answers

What are hormones primarily known as in the context of the endocrine system?

Chemical messengers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is produced by the pituitary gland?

Growth hormone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of thyroxine, secreted by the thyroid gland?

Regulating metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released during emergency situations, increasing blood pressure and heart rate?

Adrenaline Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for reducing and regulating blood sugar levels?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, what is the primary method by which an individual with diabetes manages their condition?

Internally administering injections of insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which process ensures that hormones are secreted in the correct quantities at the right times?

Feedback Mechanism Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate response of the pancreas when a rise in blood sugar level is detected?

It initiates synthesis of insulin Signup and view all the answers

According to the diagram, what happens after an increase in blood sugar is detected by the pancreas cells?

Insulin is synthesized and released Signup and view all the answers

What action does the body take when blood sugar levels fall after insulin is secreted?

The pancreas stops secreting more insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options best describes the role of the feedback mechanism in hormone secretion?

It regulates the amount of hormones secreted based on the body's requirements Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, what kind of substance is insulin considered?

A hormone Signup and view all the answers

Based on the diagram, what serves as an indicator, similar to a float in a water tank, to control the secretion of insulin?

The blood sugar level Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Control and Coordination

Living organisms respond and react to stimuli like heat, light, cold, touch, and pressure, but respond differently.
Animals use a nervous and endocrine system for control and coordination.
Nervous systems receive information from the environment and from different body parts (stimuli).
The nervous system causes responses to stimuli through muscles and glands.
A stimulus is a change in the environment or within the body that prompts a response.
A response is the body's reaction to a stimulus.
Receptors are specialized nerve cells that detect information from the environment.

Sense Organs

Receptors are located in sense organs.
Examples of sense organs include the eyes, ears, skin, nose, and tongue
Photoreceptors are in the eyes detect light
Hearing, balance, and other stimuli are detected in the inner ear.
Skin receptors detect touch, pain, and temperature.
Olfactory receptors (nose) detect smell.
Gustatory receptors (tongue) detect taste.

Neuron

A neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
Neurons have three main parts: dendrites, cell body (and axon), and synapse
Dendrites receive information.
Information travels through the axon as an electrical impulse.
Synapses are the points of contact between neurons where electrical signals are converted into chemical messages for onward transmission.
Impulses pass through a synapse by the release of neurotransmitters.

Reflex Action

Reflex actions are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli.
They involve the spinal cord, not the brain.
Examples include pulling your hand away from a hot object and knee-jerk responses.
Reflex arcs are the pathways through which impulses pass during a reflex action.

Human Nervous System

The human nervous system has three main parts: -Central Nervous System (CNS) : comprising the brain and spinal cord -Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) : containing cranial and spinal nerves. -Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) : controlling involuntary actions, eg, heart rate, digestion.

Human Brain

The forebrain is the most complex part of the brain, responsible for higher-level thinking.
The forebrain contains areas involved in thinking, memory, and the senses.
The forebrain also includes the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland that control chemical coordination.
The midbrain is involved in integrating sensory information and controlling some reflex actions.
The hindbrain controls involuntary actions (e.g., breathing and heart rate).
The hindbrain includes the cerebellum (balance and posture), pons (involuntary actions), and the medulla (involuntary actions like breathing).

Protection of Brain and Spinal Cord

The brain is protected by the cranium (skull).
The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column.

Coordination in Plants

Plants respond to stimuli.
They show tropisms which are directional growth responses to external stimuli.
Examples of tropisms include phototropism (movement towards light), geotropism (movement towards gravity), chemotropism (movement toward chemical stimuli), and hydrotropism (movement toward water).
Plants also have plant hormones, which help regulate growth and responses to the environment.

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones are chemical compounds that coordinate growth, development, and responses to the environment
Examples include auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid

Hormones in Animals

Hormones are chemical messengers that help coordinate the body's functions.
They are secreted by ductless glands called endocrine glands, they control and coordinate body responses through chemical compounds (hormones).
Iodised salt is necessary for thyroxine production, crucial for metabolism.
Iodine deficiency can lead to goitre.
Diabetes is caused by insufficient insulin, leading to high blood sugar.

Exercise (Question Bank)

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Description

Explore the fascinating ways living organisms respond to stimuli through their nervous and endocrine systems. This quiz covers the role of receptors and sense organs in detecting changes in the environment and initiating appropriate responses. Test your knowledge on how different organisms use their sensory systems for coordination.