Biology Concepts Quiz

Volume Measurement

• Units for measuring volume include cubic centimeters (cc), milliliters (mL), and liters (L).

Etiology, Pathology, and Prognosis

• Etiology: The cause of a disease.
• Pathology: The study of disease.
• Prognosis: The prediction of the outcome of a disease.

Planes of the Body

• Midsagittal (median): A vertical plane running down the midline of the body.
• Sagittal: A vertical plane parallel to the midsagittal plane but not necessarily on the midline.
• Transverse (horizontal plane/cross section): A horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.
• Frontal (coronal): A vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Atomic Structure

• Protons: Positively charged particles.
• Neutrons: Neutral particles.
• Electrons: Negatively charged particles surrounding the nucleus.
• Ions: Formed when an atom gains or loses electrons.

Cell Membrane

• Also known as the plasma membrane.
• Surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell.
• Primarily composed of proteins, lipids, and some carbohydrates (phospholipids).
• Forms a double layer.
• Contains channels for selective permeability.
• Selective permeability: Selects what substances pass in and out of the cell.
• Permeable: Allows substances to pass freely.
• Non-permeable: Does not allow any substances to pass.

Cellular Respiration

• Oxygen combines with glucose to produce ATP (energy) during cellular respiration.
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a byproduct of this process.

Serous Membranes

• Line body cavities and cover organs.
• Parietal: Membrane lining the cavity.
• Visceral: Membrane covering the organs.

Muscle Types

• Cardiac muscle: Involuntary, striated, found only in the heart, with intercalated discs.
• Smooth muscle: Involuntary, smooth, found in hollow organs (e.g., intestines), responsible for peristalsis.
• Skeletal muscle: Voluntary, striated, connected to bones, responsible for movement.

Long Bone Structure

• Epiphysis: The end of a long bone.
• Diaphysis: The middle portion of a long bone.
• Epiphyseal plate: The growth plate.

Heart Valves

• Tricuspid: Between the right atrium and right ventricle.
• Bicuspid (mitral): Between the left atrium and left ventricle.
• Pulmonary semilunar: Between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.
• Aortic semilunar: Between the left ventricle and aorta.

Cardiac Cycle and Valves

• Ventricular systole: The mitral and tricuspid valves (atrioventricular) close during ventricular contraction.
• Atrial systole: The semilunar pulmonary and aortic valves close during atrial contraction.

Cardiac Output and Blood Pressure

• Increased cardiac output leads to increased blood pressure.

Electrical Conduction of the Heart

• AV node: The electrical impulse travels from the AV node to the bundle of His.

Electrocardiogram (ECG) Waves

• P wave: Atrial depolarization (contraction).
• QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization (ventricular contraction).
• T wave: Ventricular repolarization.
• PR segment: Atrium repolarization (filling with blood).
• PR interval: Represents atrial depolarization and repolarization.

Gas Exchange in Alveoli and Capillaries

• Diffusion: Gas exchange occurs due to pressure or concentration gradients.
• External respiration: Gas exchange occurs in the lungs (O2 in, CO2 out).
• Internal respiration: Gas exchange occurs in the body tissues (O2 in, CO2 out).

Aldosterone

• A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal glands (adrenal cortex).
• Released when blood pressure is low or potassium levels are high.
• Increases water retention and decreases urine output.

Ovulation and Pregnancy Hormones

• LH (luteinizing hormone): Stimulates ovulation.
• HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) and estrogen: Increase during pregnancy.

Oxygen Importance for Cells

• Cells require oxygen for cellular respiration to produce ATP (energy).

Respiratory System

• Upper airway: A passage for air that heats, filters, and humidifies inspired air.
• Lower airway: The lower respiratory tract includes the bronchi and alveoli, where gas exchange happens.
• Epiglottis: Controls the opening to the trachea.

Immunity

• Fever and inflammation: Part of innate immunity.

Liver Blood Supply

• The liver receives blood from the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein.

Kidney Function

• Kidneys filter waste from blood to maintain homeostasis and produce urine.
• Collecting ducts: Located in the renal pelvis (called ureters), which are part of the renal system.
• Nephrons: Critical for filtering blood, metabolizing nutrients, and removing waste products from filtered blood.

Kidney Disease Symptoms

• Symptoms of kidney disease can range from mild to severe, depending on the stage and cause of the disease. Chronic kidney disease may cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fatigue, and changes in urination. Hypertension (high blood pressure) is also an important symptom.

Homeostasis

• The body's physiological processes maintain stable internal conditions (equilibrium).
• Examples include temperature regulation, oxygen balance, and nutrient levels.
• The hypothalamus plays a role in regulating bodily responses, like shivering in response to a cold environment (vasoconstriction is also an important physiological response).

Abdominal Organs

• RUQ (right upper quadrant): Liver, right kidney, colon, parts of pancreas, gallbladder.
• LUQ (left upper quadrant): Liver, spleen, left kidney, colon, parts of pancreas, stomach.
• RLQ (right lower quadrant): Colon, small intestine, major artery, ureter, appendix, bladder.
• LLQ (left lower quadrant): Colon, small intestine, major artery, ureter, bladder.

Cellular Respiration Process

• Oxygen and glucose combine in the mitochondria to produce ATP, with carbon dioxide, water, and heat as byproducts.

Blood Flow Through the Heart

• Blood enters the right atrium, passes through the tricuspid valve, then the right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, and back to the body.

Autonomic Nervous System (Sympathetic and Parasympathetic)

• Autonomic nervous system: Controls involuntary functions.
• Sympathetic: "Fight or flight" response – associated with increased heart rate and muscle contraction, using hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine.
• Parasympathetic: "Rest and digest" response – associated with maintaining homeostasis, using acetylcholine and decreasing heart rate and muscle activity.

Blood Pressure Regulation

• Stroke volume: The amount of blood pumped in each heartbeat.
• Cardiac output: The overall rate of blood pumping from the heart.
• Vessel diameter: Vasoconstriction (diameter narrowing) and vasodilation (diameter widening) affect blood pressure.

Surfactant

• A phospholipid liquid lining the alveoli.
• Prevents alveolar collapse during exhalation.

Gas Exchange in Lungs

• External respiration: O2 diffuses from alveoli to capillaries, while CO2 diffuses from capillaries to alveoli.