Biology Concepts Overview

Definition: The study of living organisms and their interactions with the environment.
Key Concepts:
- Cell Theory: All living organisms are composed of cells; cells are the basic unit of life.
- Genetics: Study of heredity and variation; includes concepts like DNA, genes, and chromosomes.
- Evolution: Change in the inherited traits of biological populations over successive generations.
- Ecology: Study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
- Photosynthesis: Process by which green plants convert light energy into chemical energy.

Definition: The study of matter, its properties, composition, and the changes it undergoes.
Key Concepts:
- Atoms and Molecules: Atoms are the basic units of matter; molecules are composed of two or more atoms.
- Periodic Table: Organization of elements based on atomic number and properties; groups and periods.
- Chemical Reactions: Processes that involve the transformation of substances; includes reactants and products.
- Acids and Bases: Acids donate protons (H+); bases accept protons; pH scale measures acidity/basicity.
- Stoichiometry: Calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions based on balanced equations.

Definition: The study of matter, energy, and the fundamental forces of nature.
Key Concepts:
- Motion and Forces: Newton's laws of motion describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting on it.
- Energy: The capacity to do work; includes kinetic, potential, thermal, and chemical energy.
- Waves: Oscillations that transfer energy through space or matter; includes sound, light, and water waves.
- Thermodynamics: Study of heat, energy, and work; includes laws of thermodynamics.
- Electromagnetism: Study of electric and magnetic fields and their interactions.

Definition: The study of the Earth and its processes, including geology, meteorology, oceanography, and environmental science.
Key Concepts:
- Geology: Study of the Earth's structure, composition, and processes like plate tectonics and erosion.
- Weather and Climate: Meteorology focuses on short-term atmospheric conditions; climate is long-term weather patterns.
- Oceanography: Study of oceans, including marine ecosystems, currents, and oceanic processes.
- Geological Time: Concept of the Earth's history measured in millions of years, including eras and epochs.
- Natural Resources: Study of renewable and non-renewable resources and their sustainable management.

Definition: The study of celestial objects, space, and the universe as a whole.
Key Concepts:
- Solar System: Composed of the Sun, planets, moons, asteroids, and comets; orbits and gravitational forces.
- Stars and Galaxies: Stars are massive celestial bodies that produce light; galaxies are vast systems of stars and planets.
- Cosmology: Study of the origin, evolution, and eventual fate of the universe.
- Light and Telescopes: Telescopes collect and magnify light from distant objects, aiding in observations.
- Exoplanets: Planets outside our solar system; studies include detection methods and potential habitability.

Study of living organisms and their interactions with the environment.
Cell Theory: States all organisms are made up of cells, which are the fundamental unit of life.
Genetics: Focuses on heredity and variation, including DNA structure, genes, and chromosomes.
Evolution: Describes changes in inherited traits in biological populations across generations.
Ecology: Examines how organisms interact with one another and their physical surroundings.
Photosynthesis: Process in which green plants convert sunlight into chemical energy, essential for life.

Study of matter, its properties, and the changes it undergoes.
Atoms and Molecules: Atoms are the smallest units of matter, molecules consist of two or more atoms.
Periodic Table: A systematic arrangement of elements organized by atomic number and chemical properties into groups and periods.
Chemical Reactions: Involve transformations of substances, defined by reactants and products.
Acids and Bases: Acids release protons (H+), while bases accept them; pH scale quantifies their relative acidity or basicity.
Stoichiometry: Mathematical calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions based on balanced equations.

Study of matter, energy, and fundamental forces in nature.
Motion and Forces: Governed by Newton's laws, outlining how forces affect an object's motion.
Energy: Capable of performing work, divided into categories like kinetic, potential, thermal, and chemical energy.
Waves: Energy transfer through oscillations in space or matter, encompassing sound, light, and water waves.
Thermodynamics: Examines the principles of heat, energy, and work, characterized by specific laws of energy conservation.
Electromagnetism: Investigates electric and magnetic fields, their interactions, and how they influence matter.

Study of Earth’s processes, including geology, meteorology, oceanography, and environmental science.
Geology: Investigates the Earth's structure and processes, including plate tectonics and erosion.
Weather and Climate: Differentiates between meteorology (short-term weather) and climate (long-term patterns).
Oceanography: Explores oceans, focusing on ecosystems, currents, and oceanic processes.
Geological Time: Frames Earth's history in millions of years, categorized into eras and epochs.
Natural Resources: Analyzes renewable and non-renewable resources, emphasizing sustainable management practices.

Study of celestial objects, space, and the universe.
Solar System: Consists of the Sun, planets, moons, asteroids, and comets with gravitational interactions.
Stars and Galaxies: Stars emit light and heat, while galaxies are large collections of stars and planetary systems.
Cosmology: Investigates the universe's origin, evolution, and ultimate fate.
Light and Telescopes: Telescopes enhance light from distant celestial bodies, facilitating observation and study.
Exoplanets: Planets outside our solar system, subject to studies involving detection techniques and potential habitability.