Biology Concepts Overview

Organic Compounds

• Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a triphosphate group.
• Nucleosides are composed of a nitrogenous base and a five-carbon sugar.

Animal Morphology

• Daphnia sp. develops adaptive predator avoidance morphology due to high predator numbers.

Drosophila Genes

• fushi tarazu (ftz) belongs to the segment polarity genes class of Drosophila developmental genes.

Enzyme Inhibitors

• Competitive inhibitors can be reversed by adding an excess of substrate.

Mendel's Experiments

• Tall plants being heterozygous, an enhancer for the tall allele in the dwarf plant, or a suppressor for the tall allele in the dwarf plant, could explain altered outcomes in experiments where only dwarf plants were produced.
• Dwarf plants may be homozygous.

Receptor-Ligand Interactions

• Ionic interactions and hydrogen bonding are involved in reversible receptor-ligand interactions.

Antigen Processing

• B-cells and macrophages are involved in processing foreign antigens in the human body.

Animal Classification

• Pandas are specialists, based on diet and habitat selection.

Drug/Chemical-Defect Matching

• Veratrum alkaloids are associated with phocomelia.
• Thalidomide is associated with limb defects.
• Methylmercury is associated with Minamata syndrome.
• Diethylstilbesterol is associated with reproductive system issues.

Animal-Tissue/Organ Matching

• Ascaris lumbricoides resides in the small intestine.
• Dracunculus medinensis resides in subcutaneous tissues.
• Enterobius vermicularis in the small intestine.
• Wuchereria bancrofti resides in lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes.

Cell Types and Functions

• Microglial cells are located in the brain and are involved in phagocytosis.
• Leydig cells are located in the testis and are involved in hormone secretion.
• ON cells are in the eyes and are involved in visual transduction.
• Pneumocytes are in the lungs and are involved in gas exchange.

Ecological Concepts

• Dominance hierarchies involve the preferential access to food and mates in a group.
• Territories involve the exclusion of competing individuals, using agonistic behavior.
• Altruism involves giving up reproductive potential to benefit another individual.
• Kin selection involves selection favoring individuals based on relationship.

Hormone Sources and Target Tissues

• Epinephrine is produced by chromaffin tissue, targeting the heart.
• Prolactin is produced by the pituitary, targeting the mammary glands.
• Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid, acting on the bones.
• Thyrotropin releasing hormone originates in the hypothalamus and influences the pituitary.

Enzyme Inhibition

• Hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphofructokinase are enzyme involved in glycolysis.

Microscopy Factors

• The ability to resolve entities inside a cell in light microscopy depends on magnification, intensity of incident light, wavelength, and numerical aperture of the objective lens.

Vital Capacity

• If vital capacity (VC), tidal volume (TV),and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) are provided, the expiratory reserve volume(ERV) will be calculated.