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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes fungi?
Which of the following best describes fungi?
- Eukaryotic, multicellular, non-photosynthetic (correct)
- Eukaryotic, multicellular, photosynthetic
- Prokaryotic, single-celled, photosynthetic
- Eukaryotic, single-celled, non-photosynthetic
What process do all living organisms use for energy?
What process do all living organisms use for energy?
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration
- Fermentation
- Metabolism (correct)
Which cells are considered to be one of the simplest cell types?
Which cells are considered to be one of the simplest cell types?
- Mucous-producing goblet cells
- Red blood cells (correct)
- Epithelial cells
- Striated muscle cells
Which combination of elements is fundamental in forming molecules of living things?
Which combination of elements is fundamental in forming molecules of living things?
Which of the following correctly differentiates Archaea from Eubacteria?
Which of the following correctly differentiates Archaea from Eubacteria?
Which characteristic is NOT attributed to protists?
Which characteristic is NOT attributed to protists?
Which category of living organisms is characterized as non-photosynthetic and multicellular?
Which category of living organisms is characterized as non-photosynthetic and multicellular?
What type of macromolecule is formed by the combination of sugars?
What type of macromolecule is formed by the combination of sugars?
Which of the following organisms are classified as eukaryotic?
Which of the following organisms are classified as eukaryotic?
What distinguishes prokaryotic organisms from eukaryotic organisms?
What distinguishes prokaryotic organisms from eukaryotic organisms?
Which kingdom includes organisms that can live in extreme environments?
Which kingdom includes organisms that can live in extreme environments?
What feature does not characterize eukaryotic cells?
What feature does not characterize eukaryotic cells?
Which domain includes organisms that are always unicellular and prokaryotic?
Which domain includes organisms that are always unicellular and prokaryotic?
Which characteristic is common to all living organisms categorized in the six kingdoms?
Which characteristic is common to all living organisms categorized in the six kingdoms?
What type of bacteria is typically found in extreme environments?
What type of bacteria is typically found in extreme environments?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the kingdoms of living organisms?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the kingdoms of living organisms?
Which of the following environments are not typically inhabited by Archaebacteria?
Which of the following environments are not typically inhabited by Archaebacteria?
Which of the following statements regarding Eubacteria is NOT true?
Which of the following statements regarding Eubacteria is NOT true?
What characteristic do fungi share that distinguishes them from plants?
What characteristic do fungi share that distinguishes them from plants?
Which organisms are known for having specialized locomotion structures such as flagella or cilia?
Which organisms are known for having specialized locomotion structures such as flagella or cilia?
Which group of organisms are primarily non-photosynthetic and include species like mushrooms and mold?
Which group of organisms are primarily non-photosynthetic and include species like mushrooms and mold?
What is a defining feature of the domain Eukarya compared to others?
What is a defining feature of the domain Eukarya compared to others?
Which statement about animal cells is true?
Which statement about animal cells is true?
What distinguishes protists from both fungi and plants?
What distinguishes protists from both fungi and plants?
What is the primary function of photoreceptors in humans?
What is the primary function of photoreceptors in humans?
What type of feedback mechanism helps return a variable to its set point after a stimulus?
What type of feedback mechanism helps return a variable to its set point after a stimulus?
Which receptor is specifically responsible for detecting temperature changes?
Which receptor is specifically responsible for detecting temperature changes?
What role does the integrating centre play in a feedback mechanism?
What role does the integrating centre play in a feedback mechanism?
In terms of homeostasis, what is the effect of sweating on body temperature regulation?
In terms of homeostasis, what is the effect of sweating on body temperature regulation?
What type of receptor detects pain in response to harmful stimuli?
What type of receptor detects pain in response to harmful stimuli?
Which feature distinguishes positive feedback from negative feedback in homeostasis?
Which feature distinguishes positive feedback from negative feedback in homeostasis?
What would be an example of a mechanoreceptor in the human body?
What would be an example of a mechanoreceptor in the human body?
What is the primary reason that certain responses related to inflammation are typically short-term?
What is the primary reason that certain responses related to inflammation are typically short-term?
Which percentage of body water is characteristic of healthy adult females?
Which percentage of body water is characteristic of healthy adult females?
In which compartment of the body is the majority of water found?
In which compartment of the body is the majority of water found?
What characteristic of molecules describes their interaction with water?
What characteristic of molecules describes their interaction with water?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the properties of water?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the properties of water?
Which statement regarding polar and non-polar molecules is accurate?
Which statement regarding polar and non-polar molecules is accurate?
What is the approximate percentage of water in obese individuals?
What is the approximate percentage of water in obese individuals?
What defines the substances dissolved in a solvent?
What defines the substances dissolved in a solvent?
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Study Notes
Organization of Living Things
- Organisms categorized into three domains: Archaea, Eukarya, and Bacteria.
- Six kingdoms based on characteristics: prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, environmental niche, movement, and energy acquisition.
- Ongoing scientific debate on including a seventh kingdom.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Organisms
- Prokaryotic organisms lack membrane-bound organelles; examples include Archaea and Eubacteria.
- Prokaryotes are single-celled; their DNA is in the cytoplasm.
- Eukaryotic organisms have membrane-bound organelles, with DNA housed in the nucleus; examples include Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals.
Archaea
- Single-celled, prokaryotic, and considered primitive.
- Thrive in extreme environments: high temperatures, low temperatures, high salinity, and high acidity.
- Types include thermophiles, halophiles, and methanogens.
Eubacteria
- Primarily single-celled, prokaryotic, and found in diverse environments.
- Mostly harmless or beneficial; some are pathogenic (e.g., causing diseases like tetanus and tuberculosis).
- Human gastrointestinal tract hosts ~500 species and trillions of bacterial cells.
Differences between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
- Distinctions are based on ancestry and evolutionary history.
- Variations in living environments and biochemical cell components.
Eukarya Kingdom Overview
- Protists: Mainly unicellular eukaryotes with traits similar to plants (chloroplasts), fungi (spores), and animals (locomotion). Pathogenic protists include Plasmodium (malaria) and Giardia (diarrhea).
- Fungi: Typically multicellular (except yeast), non-photosynthetic, can be beneficial or harmful to humans (e.g., mushrooms, mold).
- Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic, adaptable to land and aquatic environments.
- Animals: Multicellular, eukaryotic, non-photosynthetic organisms with locomotion.
Properties of Living Things
- Living organisms consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; these form vital macromolecules like polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
- Organisms can be unicellular (bacteria, yeast) or multicellular (e.g., trees, animals).
Homeostasis
- Essential for maintaining stable internal conditions through feedback mechanisms.
- Negative Feedback: Restores balance by reducing stimulus (e.g., sweating reduces body temperature).
- Positive Feedback: Amplifies response to a stimulus, generally unsustainable long-term (e.g., inflammation response).
Water as a Biological Solvent
- Known as the universal solvent due to its ability to dissolve many substances.
- Found in various compartments: intracellular (inside cells) and extracellular (interstitial fluid and blood plasma).
- Water composition varies by age: infants (~75% water), healthy adults (males ~60%, females ~55%), and obese individuals (~45%).
Polar Nature of Water
- Water is a polar molecule; oxygen attracts electrons more than hydrogen, creating partial charges.
- Polar molecules (like water) are hydrophilic (water-loving), while non-polar molecules are hydrophobic (water-hating).
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