Biology Classification Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Why do biologists use a classification system to study the diversity of life?

It's easier to keep them organized and study them in a logical way with classification.

The science of classifying organisms and assigning them universally accepted names is known as what?

Taxonomy

Why is it confusing to refer to organisms by common names?

They vary by language and region. It's easier to have one common language.

What is true about binomial nomenclature? (Select all that apply)

<p>The scientific name is always written in italics</p> Signup and view all the answers

The largest taxonomic category in Linnaeus's system of classification is the ____, and the smallest is the ____.

<p>kingdom, species</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you remember the order from kingdom to species?

<p>King Phillip Came Over From Germany Stoned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What traits did Linnaeus consider when classifying organisms?

<p>Biological similarities (the way they look) just basic visual similarities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do biologists now group organisms into categories?

<p>They use evolutionary relationships called phylogeny.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage, but not in its older members, are called what?

<p>Derived characters</p> Signup and view all the answers

A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms is called a(n)?

<p>Cladogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

Derived characters are used to construct a cladogram.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The degree of dissimilarity in DNA sequences is an indication of how long ago two species shared a common ancestor.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The scientific view of life was more complex in Linnaeus's time.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental traits did Linnaeus use to separate plants from animals?

<p>Carry photosynthesis and are green. Plant moves and doesn't make own food -- animal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Complete the concept map: The six kingdom system.

<p>Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

A more inclusive category than any other, including the kingdom, is the?

<p>Domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the three domains.

<p>Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya</p> Signup and view all the answers

All members of the domain Bacteria are parasites.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about members of the domain Archaea. (Select all that apply)

<p>They are unicellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

Taxon composed of similar orders is called?

<p>Class</p> Signup and view all the answers

Taxon composed of similar classes is called?

<p>Phylum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kingdom in the Eukarya domain that includes single-celled autotrophs is?

<p>Protista</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study of evolutionary relationships among organisms is called?

<p>Phylogeny</p> Signup and view all the answers

New taxon that is higher than the kingdom is?

<p>Domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Taxon composed of similar genera is called?

<p>Family</p> Signup and view all the answers

Taxon composed of closely related species is called?

<p>Genus</p> Signup and view all the answers

General term for any level, or category, in a taxonomic system is?

<p>Taxonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are prokaryotes?

<p>Unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two different groups of prokaryotes?

<p>Eubacteria, Archaebacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are four characteristics used to identify prokaryotes?

<p>Shape, chemical nature of cell walls, way they move, way they contain energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are each of the differently shaped prokaryotes called? (Select all that apply)

<p>Spherical-shaped (Cocci)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the chemoautotrophs that live near hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor obtain energy?

<p>They use energy from chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are facultative anaerobes?

<p>Can survive with or without oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the process of binary fission?

<p>When a bacterium grows so it doubles in size, then divides producing two identical daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during conjugation?

<p>A hollow bridge forms between two cells, and genes move from one cell to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an endospore?

<p>Type of spore formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do decomposers help the ecosystem recycle nutrients when a tree dies?

<p>They break down nutrients to put them back into the earth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen to plants and animals if decomposers did not recycle nutrients?

<p>They would drain all the minerals and die (kind of like renewable resources).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can bacteria be used to clean up an oil spill?

<p>It can digest petroleum and remove waste products and toxins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are viruses?

<p>Particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do all viruses have in common?

<p>They enter living cells and once inside, use the machinery of the infected cell to produce more viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of a typical virus?

<p>Core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A virus's protein coat is called a(n)?

<p>Capsid</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a typical virus get inside a cell?

<p>The capsid proteins bind to receptors on the surface and 'trick' the cell to let it inside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are most viruses highly specific to the cells they infect?

<p>The viruses must bond precisely to the protein on the cell surface and then use a hosts genetic system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a lytic infection given that name?

<p>The cell is lysed and destroyed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flowchart about lytic infection: the bacteriophage attaches to the bacterium's _____

<p>Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bacteriophage injects its ____ into the cell

<p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cell makes mRNA from the bacteriophage's ____

<p>Genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

The virus wrecks the cell, causing it to ____

<p>Shut down</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bursting of the cell releases new bacteriophage ____

<p>Particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Circle the letter of each reason why some biologists do not consider viruses to be alive. (Select all that apply)

<p>They can't reproduce independently</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are pathogens?

<p>Disease-causing agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two general ways that bacteria cause disease?

<p>A) Damage the cells and tissues of the infected organism directly by breaking down cells for food; B) Release toxins that travel through the body interfering with normal activity of the host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are antibiotics?

<p>Compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of a bacterial disease in animals?

<p>Anthrax</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why will food stored at low temperatures keep longer?

<p>The bacteria will take longer to multiply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some human diseases that viruses cause?

<p>Common cold, influenza, smallpox, AIDS, chicken pox, measles, hepatitis A, B, C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of a viral disease in animals?

<p>Foot and mouth disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a protist?

<p>Any eukaryote that is not a plant, an animal, or a fungus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about protists. (Select all that apply)

<p>All cells have a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first eukaryotic organisms on Earth were?

<p>Protists</p> Signup and view all the answers

At one time, what were all animallike protists called?

<p>Protozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are pseudopods?

<p>Temporary projections of cytoplasm, or a 'false foot', used by some protists for feeding or movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do sarcodines use pseudopods for?

<p>Feeding and movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The best-known sarcodines are the?

<p>Amoebas</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do amoebas capture and digest food?

<p>They surround their meal then take it inside themselves to form a food vacuole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the indentation on one side of a ciliate into which food is swept called?

<p>Gullet</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a contractile vacuole?

<p>Cavity in cytoplasm specialized to collect and pump out water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes malaria?

<p>Animallike protists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some animallike protists recycle nutrients by breaking down organic matter.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plantlike protists are commonly called?

<p>Algae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Algae include only multicellular organisms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the process of photosynthesis, what substances trap the energy of sunlight?

<p>Chlorophyll and accessory pigments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are algae such a wide range of colors?

<p>Accessory pigments reflect different wavelengths of light than chlorophyll.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do plantlike protists make much of the diversity of aquatic life possible?

<p>They make up a considerable part of phytoplankton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can algal bloom be harmful?

<p>They deplete the water of nutrients, and cells die in great numbers; their decomposition can rob water of its oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristics do green algae share with plants?

<p>Photosynthetic pigments and cell wall composition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the process known as alternation of generations?

<p>Algae switch back and forth between haploid and diploid stages during their life cycles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why have algae been called the 'grasses' of the sea?

<p>They make much of the base food that sea animals 'graze'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Through photosynthesis, algae produce much of the earth's?

<p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the compound agar derived from, and how is it used?

<p>It's derived from certain seaweeds; thickens the nutrient mixtures scientists use to grow bacteria and other microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are funguslike protists like fungi?

<p>Heterotrophs absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are slime molds?

<p>Funguslike protists that play key roles in recycling organic material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a plasmodium?

<p>Structure with many nuclei formed by acellular slime molds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water molds produce thin filaments known as?

<p>Hyphae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why aren't there bodies of dead animals and plants littering the woods and fields you walk through?

<p>They decompose through water molds, slime molds, and other decomposers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of plant diseases that water molds cause?

<p>Mildews and blights of grapes and tomatoes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Any organism that is not a plant, an animal, a fungus, or a prokaryote is a?

<p>Protist</p> Signup and view all the answers

A temporary cytoplasmic projection used in feeding and movement is called a?

<p>Pseudopod</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of switching back and forth between haploid and diploid stages in a life cycle is known as ___ of generations.

<p>Alternation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about fungi. (Select all that apply)

<p>They have cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cell walls of fungi are made of a complex carbohydrate called?

<p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do fungi digest their food?

<p>They digest it outside of themselves and then absorb it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mycelium?

<p>Many hyphae tangled together into a thick mass; comprises the bodies of multicellular fungi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a mycelium well suited to absorb food?

<p>It permits a large surface area to come in contact with the food source through which it grows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about sexual reproduction in fungi. (Select all that apply)

<p>One mating type is a '+' and the other is a '-'</p> Signup and view all the answers

The spores of many fungi scatter easily in the wind.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a fungal spore to grow, where must it land?

<p>In a favorable environment--proper combo of temperature, moisture, and food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classification and Taxonomy

  • Biologists classify organisms to maintain organization and facilitate logical study of life's diversity.
  • Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms and assigning universally accepted names.
  • Common names for organisms can cause confusion due to variations across languages and regions.
  • Binomial nomenclature assigns each species a two-part scientific name, which is italicized.
  • Linnaeus's classification hierarchy: kingdom is the largest category, and species is the smallest.

Evolutionary Relationships

  • Modern classification uses evolutionary relationships (phylogeny) to group organisms.
  • Derived characters are traits found in recent lineage members, critical for classification.
  • Cladograms visually represent evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Domains and Kingdoms

  • The six-kingdom system includes Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi, Eubacteria, and Archaebacteria.
  • Domains represent broader categories than kingdoms, with three main domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
  • Archaea members are unicellular but not eukaryotic, and they possess unique characteristics.

Prokaryotes and Their Characteristics

  • Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms lacking a nucleus, categorized into eubacteria and archaebacteria.
  • Characteristics to identify prokaryotes include shape (bacilli, cocci, spirilla), cell wall composition, mobility, and energy acquisition.
  • Binary fission is the process of reproduction in bacteria resulting in identical daughter cells.
  • Conjugation involves the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells through a bridge.

Bacteria and Their Roles

  • Decomposers recycle nutrients, aiding ecosystems by breaking down dead matter.
  • Bacteria can be used in bioremediation, such as cleaning up oil spills by digesting petroleum.
  • Antibiotics block bacterial growth and reproduction, combating diseases such as anthrax.

Viruses

  • Viruses are composed of nucleic acid and protein, relying on living cells to replicate.
  • All viruses share the ability to enter cells and utilize the host's machinery for replication.
  • A virus's capsid is its protective protein coat.
  • Lytic infections culminate in the destruction (lysis) of the host cell.

Protists

  • Protists are eukaryotic organisms that are neither plants, animals, nor fungi, divided into groups like protozoa and algae.
  • Not all protists are unicellular; some can be multicellular with specific characteristics like true nuclei and membrane-bound organelles.
  • Plant-like protists, or algae, perform photosynthesis and significantly contribute to aquatic ecosystems' diversity.

Fungi

  • Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotes with cell walls made of chitin and absorb nutrients externally.
  • Mycelium, composed of tangled hyphae, increases the surface area for nutrient absorption.
  • Fungal reproduction can be sexual or asexual, with spores dispersing easily to inhabit favorable environments.

Summary of Key Concepts

  • The study of biological classification emphasizes the need for standardized naming and grouping.
  • Understanding the evolutionary relationships among organisms provides insight into biodiversity.
  • Prokaryotes and viruses display unique characteristics affecting their roles in ecosystems and human health.
  • Protists and fungi play essential functions in ecology, nutrient cycling, and disease dynamics.

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Description

This quiz focuses on key concepts related to the classification systems used in biology, specifically taxonomy. It covers the importance of classification and the challenges associated with common names for organisms. Test your understanding and knowledge of these foundational concepts in biological classification.

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