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Questions and Answers
What is the estimated number of animal species?
What type of body symmetry is found in humans and other animals?
What is the characteristic of animal cells that distinguishes them from plant cells?
What is the characteristic of animals that distinguishes them from plants?
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What is the characteristic of invertebrates?
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What is the term for the classification level that includes mammals, birds, and reptiles?
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What is the term for the classification level that includes Felidae, Canidae, and Ursidae?
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What is the characteristic of radial symmetry?
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Which of the following characteristics is used to classify animals into vertebrate and invertebrate groups?
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Which characteristic is used to distinguish between warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals?
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Which embryological characteristic is used to study the development of animals?
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Which molecular characteristic is used to compare the genetic makeup of different animals?
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Which characteristic is used to classify animals based on their body shape?
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Which characteristic is used to study the nutrition and digestive system of animals?
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Which characteristic is used to study the evolutionary relationships of animals?
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Which characteristic is used to classify animals into different groups, including kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species?
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Study Notes
Classification of Animals
- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: 35-40 (e.g. Chordata, Arthropoda, Mollusca)
- Class: 100-150 (e.g. Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia)
- Order: 1500-2000 (e.g. Carnivora, Passeriformes, Saurischia)
- Family: 6000-7000 (e.g. Felidae, Canidae, Ursidae)
- Genus: 6000-7000 (e.g. Panthera, Canis, Ursus)
- Species: 8.7 million (estimated)
Characteristics of Animals
- Multicellular
- Eukaryotic
- Heterotrophic (obtain energy by consuming other organisms)
- Lack cell walls
- Ability to move (although some species have limited mobility)
Body Symmetry
- Radial symmetry: Body parts arranged around a central axis (e.g. starfish, sea urchins)
- Bilateral symmetry: Body parts arranged on both sides of a central axis (e.g. humans, animals)
Body Plans
- Spherical: Single-celled organisms, some invertebrates (e.g. jellyfish)
- Radial: Some invertebrates (e.g. starfish, sea urchins)
- Bilateral: Most animals, including vertebrates and invertebrates
Types of Animals
- Invertebrates: Lack a backbone (e.g. insects, worms, mollusks)
- Vertebrates: Have a backbone (e.g. fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals)
Major Animal Groups
- Sponges (Porifera)
- Cnidarians (e.g. jellyfish, corals)
- Worms (e.g. flatworms, roundworms)
- Mollusks (e.g. squids, octopuses, clams)
- Echinoderms (e.g. starfish, sea urchins)
- Vertebrates (e.g. fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals)
Classification of Animals
- The animal kingdom is divided into 7 levels: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species
- There are approximately 35-40 phyla, 100-150 classes, 1500-2000 orders, 6000-7000 families, and 6000-7000 genera in the animal kingdom
- The estimated number of animal species is 8.7 million
Characteristics of Animals
- Animals are multicellular, meaning they consist of more than one cell
- They are eukaryotic, meaning their cells have a true nucleus
- Animals are heterotrophic, meaning they obtain energy by consuming other organisms
- They lack cell walls, which are typical in plant cells
- Animals have the ability to move, although some species have limited mobility
Body Symmetry
- Radial symmetry is a type of body symmetry where body parts are arranged around a central axis, found in animals like starfish and sea urchins
- Bilateral symmetry is a type of body symmetry where body parts are arranged on both sides of a central axis, found in animals like humans and most vertebrates
Body Plans
- Spherical body plans are characteristic of single-celled organisms and some invertebrates, like jellyfish
- Radial body plans are found in some invertebrates, like starfish and sea urchins
- Bilateral body plans are found in most animals, including vertebrates and invertebrates
Types of Animals
- Invertebrates are animals that lack a backbone, and include insects, worms, and mollusks
- Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone, and include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
Major Animal Groups
- Sponges (Porifera) are simple, multicellular animals that filter food from the water
- Cnidarians (e.g. jellyfish, corals) are characterized by their stinging cells called cnidocytes
- Worms (e.g. flatworms, roundworms) are invertebrates that lack a backbone
- Mollusks (e.g. squids, octopuses, clams) are invertebrates with a soft, unsegmented body
- Echinoderms (e.g. starfish, sea urchins) are marine invertebrates with a unique body plan
- Vertebrates (e.g. fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) are animals with a backbone and a more complex body plan
Basis of Classification in the Animal Kingdom
Morphological Characteristics
- Body shape and symmetry are used to classify animals
- The number and type of body appendages, such as limbs, wings, and antennae, are important characteristics
- Body structure, whether vertebrate or invertebrate, is a key factor
- Skin or exoskeleton features, including scales, feathers, and hair, are used to classify animals
- Sense organs and sensory features, such as eyes, ears, and antennae, are important for classification
Physiological Characteristics
- Body temperature regulation, whether warm-blooded or cold-blooded, is a key characteristic
- Respiration and gas exchange mechanisms, such as lungs, gills, and tracheae, are used to classify animals
- Circulatory system features, including open or closed circulation, are important
- Nutrition and digestive system features, including whether an animal is a herbivore, carnivore, or omnivore, are used to classify animals
Embryological Characteristics
- Developmental patterns, including cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis, are used to classify animals
- Embryonic layers, including ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm, are important characteristics
- The origin of body cavities, including the coelom and pseudocoelom, is used to classify animals
Molecular Characteristics
- DNA and protein sequence comparisons are used to classify animals
- Phylogenetic analysis using molecular markers, such as rRNA and mtDNA, is used to classify animals
- Genetic variation and gene expression patterns are important for classification
Fossil Record
- Fossil evidence of evolutionary relationships is used to classify animals
- Comparative anatomy and morphology of fossilized remains are important characteristics
- The geological time scale and fossil distribution are used to classify animals
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Description
Test your knowledge of animal classification and characteristics, from kingdom to species, and learn about the unique features of animals, including their cellular structure and energy sources.
