Biology Class: Microtubules and Cannabis Effects
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Questions and Answers

What role do microtubules play during mitosis?

  • Inhibition of apoptosis
  • Separation of chromosomes (correct)
  • Disruption of cell signaling
  • Production of hormones

What is a consequence of disrupting microtubule assembly and disassembly?

  • Enhanced polymerization of microtubules
  • Cell division cessation in Metaphase (correct)
  • Increased hormone production
  • Reduction in apoptosis

Which drug is known for disrupting microtubule polymerization?

  • Paclitaxel (correct)
  • Vincristine (correct)
  • Cisplatin
  • Tamoxifen

What is the primary target of vincristine in microtubules?

<p>β tubulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does hormonal treatment aim to affect cancer growth?

<p>Reduce hormone signaling cascade (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year was cannabis officially added to the US Pharmacopoeia?

<p>1850 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is known for isolating the structure of cannabidiol from Cannabis extracts?

<p>Unknown scientist in the 1940s (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily caused the decline in cannabis use in the early 20th century?

<p>Inconsistent potency and poor storage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1)?

<p>Cause inhibitory signal transduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributed to the American concern regarding cannabis use in the early 20th century?

<p>Its psychotropic properties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of arterial stiffness on systolic blood pressure (SBP)?

<p>It increases SBP due to reduced arterial distension. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by an increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure?

<p>Systolic-diastolic hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a normal range for systolic blood pressure (SBP) in adults?

<p>100-140 mmHg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH)?

<p>Narrowing of arterioles causing increased total peripheral resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of hypertensive patients are treated in North America?

<p>60% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential cause of secondary hypertension?

<p>Disruption of endothelial cells layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding compliance of arteries?

<p>Decrease in compliance leads to higher systolic blood pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential hypertension characterized by?

<p>It constitutes more than 80% of all hypertension cases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic class is generally associated with time-dependent killing?

<p>Beta lactams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the effectiveness of continuous infusion of antibiotics?

<p>It ensures that plasma levels are always above the MIC. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of aminoglycosides, why is once daily therapy preferred despite potential secondary effects?

<p>It allows time for cell recovery from damage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is considered most important when choosing an antibiotic for treatment?

<p>Bacterial strain characteristics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 't > MIC' signify in antibiotic dosing strategy?

<p>The time that plasma concentration exceeds the minimum inhibitory concentration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle?

<p>Secretion of estrogen and progesterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the corpus luteum degenerates?

<p>Loss of progesterone production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormonal contraceptives typically includes both synthetic estrogen and progestin?

<p>Combined oral contraceptives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of combined oral contraceptives?

<p>Inhibition of endogenous hormone release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do monophasic formulations of contraceptives differ from biphasic or triphasic formulations?

<p>They maintain identical dosing throughout the cycle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contraceptive methods is purely non-hormonal?

<p>Copper intrauterine device (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 7 placebo tablets in the standard prescription of combined oral contraceptives?

<p>To induce withdrawal bleeding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes extended cycle formulations like Seasonale from standard contraceptive pills?

<p>They have 84 active hormone tablets followed by 7 placebo tablets. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of botulinum toxin on presynaptic nerve terminals?

<p>Prevents vesicular fusion with the membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following heavy metals is known to cause softening of bones?

<p>Cadmium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using chelation therapy in heavy metal toxicity?

<p>To prevent further interaction with endogenous macromolecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pollutants are specifically mentioned as major air pollutants?

<p>Sulfur oxides and Hydrocarbons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do many toxic alkaloids have even in dilute forms?

<p>They can produce potent pharmacological effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of administration for dimercaprol in chelation therapy?

<p>Intramuscular (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of damage can occur from exposure to heavy metals?

<p>Neurological deficiencies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the effects of the smallest particulate matter in air pollution?

<p>Can result in nausea and dizziness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism underlies the toxicity of heavy metals like lead and mercury?

<p>Reaction with oxygen/sulfur residues on enzymes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of toxins or venoms are primarily used by plants?

<p>For defensive purposes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are Cannabinoid Receptors?

A group of receptors in the body that are activated by cannabinoids, like THC, to produce various effects.

What is CB1 receptor?

A type of cannabinoid receptor found primarily in the brain, responsible for the psychoactive effects of cannabis.

What is CB2 receptor?

A type of cannabinoid receptor found primarily in the immune system and other tissues, involved in pain modulation, inflammation, and other functions.

What is the "General Anesthetic-Type" mechanism?

A theory that cannabinoids exert their effects by altering the fluidity of cell membranes, disrupting cell function.

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What is the Endocannabinoid System?

A complex biological system that regulates many physiological processes, including mood, appetite, pain, and inflammation.

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Blood Pressure (BP)

The force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries during each heartbeat.

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Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)

The pressure in the arteries during the contraction phase of the heart.

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Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)

The pressure in the arteries during the relaxation phase of the heart.

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Hypertension

High blood pressure. It is defined as SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg.

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Isolated Systolic Hypertension (ISH)

Higher than normal SBP (≥140 mmHg) with a normal or low DBP.

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Isolated Diastolic Hypertension (IDH)

Higher than normal DBP (≥90 mmHg) with a normal or low SBP.

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Systolic-Diastolic Hypertension

Higher than normal SBP (≥140 mmHg) and DBP (≥90 mmHg).

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Arterial Stiffness

This is the hardening or stiffening of arteries, which can lead to an increase in SBP and a decrease in DBP.

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Microtubules' role in mitosis

Microtubules are essential for separating chromosomes during cell division (mitosis).

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Microtubule disruption and cell division

Interfering with microtubule function can halt cell division in its metaphase stage.

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Vincristine's mechanism of action

Vincristine is a drug that prevents microtubule assembly by binding to beta tubulin, a key component.

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Hormonal cancer treatment strategy

Many cancers are fueled by hormones, hence hormonal treatments to reduce hormone signaling cascades.

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Hormonal therapy specificity

Hormonal treatments are effective only against cancers that are dependent on hormones for growth.

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Time-Dependent Killing

The effectiveness of these antibiotics relies on maintaining a drug concentration above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for an extended period, not necessarily on achieving the peak concentration.

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Examples of time-dependent antibiotics:

Aminoglycosides and rifampin are examples of antibiotics that exhibit time-dependent killing. Their effectiveness relies on sustained drug exposure above the MIC, regardless of peak concentration.

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Dosing for time-dependent antibiotics

To achieve prolonged drug concentrations above the MIC, these antibiotics are typically administered multiple times a day or even through continuous infusion.

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Beta-lactams and time-dependent killing

Beta-lactams are examples of antibiotics that exhibit time-dependent killing. They work by continuously inhibiting the formation of peptidoglycan, which is essential for bacterial cell wall integrity.

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Principles of Antibiotic Selection

Antibiotics exploit the differences between bacterial and mammalian cells to target specific bacterial processes. The choice of antibiotic is largely determined by the bacterial strain, but patient factors like age and physiology are also crucial.

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What is the corpus luteum and when does it form?

The phase of the menstrual cycle following ovulation where the ruptured follicle transforms into a structure called the corpus luteum.

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What hormones does the corpus luteum secrete and what is their function?

The corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone, hormones essential for promoting endometrial growth and preparing the uterus for potential pregnancy.

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How does the corpus luteum regulate hormone levels in the menstrual cycle?

The corpus luteum's secretion of estrogen and progesterone inhibits the release of LH and FSH through negative feedback, preventing further ovulation during the cycle.

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What causes the shedding of the endometrium during menstruation?

When the corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone production decreases, causing the endometrium to shed, resulting in menstruation.

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What are hormonal contraceptives?

A type of birth control method that uses synthetic hormones, either estrogen and progesterone combined or progesterone alone.

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How do combined oral contraceptives work?

Contraceptives containing synthetic estrogen and progesterone work by inhibiting the release of FSH and LH, preventing ovulation and thus pregnancy.

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What are non-hormonal contraceptives?

A type of birth control method that does not use hormones, but instead relies on a copper device inserted into the uterus to prevent sperm movement and fertilization.

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What are the different types of combined oral contraceptive formulations?

Combined oral contraceptives can be monophasic, with the same dose of estrogen and progestin throughout the cycle, or biphasic/triphasic, with varying doses to mimic natural hormone fluctuations.

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What are alkaloids?

A class of nitrogen-containing organic compounds found primarily in plants. Many alkaloids are potent and can have significant effects on human physiology.

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What is botulinum toxin?

A protein toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It causes paralysis by blocking acetylcholine release at nerve terminals.

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What is chelation therapy?

A medical treatment strategy used to manage heavy metal toxicity by using chelating agents that bind to the metal and prevent its interaction with crucial enzymes.

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What are pesticides?

A group of chemicals used in agriculture to control pests, including insects, fungi, weeds, and rodents. They can contaminate food and pose health risks.

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What is heavy metal toxicity?

A type of toxicity that arises from exposure to heavy metals, such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic. Toxicity can result in a wide range of health issues.

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How do air pollutants enter the lungs?

The process through which pollutants enter the lungs. It depends on particle size, with smaller particles posing a greater threat due to their ability to reach deeper lung regions.

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What is nerve conduction?

The ability of neurons to conduct electrical signals. This is crucial for communication and function within the nervous system.

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What are neurotoxins that target ion channels?

A type of toxin that primarily targets voltage-gated sodium or potassium ion channels, leading to disruptions in nerve conduction.

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What is chelation therapy used for?

A common treatment strategy for heavy metal toxicity that involves administering chelators that bind to the metals and promote their elimination from the body.

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What are chelating agents?

Compounds that can bind to toxic materials in the body, such as heavy metals, to facilitate their removal. Chelating agents function by forming strong bonds with the toxic substance.

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Study Notes

General Introduction to Toxicology

  • Toxicology is the study of harmful effects of substances on living organisms
  • Xenobiotics are substances foreign/unnatural to an organism
  • Toxins are poisonous substances produced by living organisms
  • Venom is a toxin delivered by a living organism for defense

Types of Exposures

  • Acute exposure: single high dose over short duration
  • Chronic exposure: repeated low doses over long duration

Mechanisms of Toxicity

  • Direct interaction with cellular components
  • Interference with biological processes (e.g., enzyme function)
  • Production of reactive species (e.g., ROS, reactive oxygen species)

Toxic Effects

  • Alterations in structure and function of macromolecules
  • Interference with homeostatic mechanisms

Factors Affecting Toxicity

  • Dose: amount of substance
  • Route of exposure: oral, inhalation, dermal
  • Duration of exposure
  • Age: children and elderly often have higher sensitivity to toxins
  • Pre-existing conditions (diseases, chronic illnesses)
  • Genetic factors

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Description

This quiz explores the role of microtubules during mitosis, the impact of microtubule disruption, and the effects of drugs like vincristine. Additionally, the quiz covers historical aspects of cannabis use and its effects on health, particularly regarding cannabinoid receptors and blood pressure dynamics.

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