Biology Class: Microtubules and Cannabis Effects
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Questions and Answers

What role do microtubules play during mitosis?

  • Inhibition of apoptosis
  • Separation of chromosomes (correct)
  • Disruption of cell signaling
  • Production of hormones

    • What is a consequence of disrupting microtubule assembly and disassembly?

  • Enhanced polymerization of microtubules
  • Cell division cessation in Metaphase (correct)
  • Increased hormone production
  • Reduction in apoptosis

    • Which drug is known for disrupting microtubule polymerization?

  • Paclitaxel (correct)
  • Vincristine (correct)
  • Cisplatin
  • Tamoxifen

    • What is the primary target of vincristine in microtubules?

    <p>β tubulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hormonal treatment aim to affect cancer growth?

    <p>Reduce hormone signaling cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year was cannabis officially added to the US Pharmacopoeia?

    <p>1850</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist is known for isolating the structure of cannabidiol from Cannabis extracts?

    <p>Unknown scientist in the 1940s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily caused the decline in cannabis use in the early 20th century?

    <p>Inconsistent potency and poor storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1)?

    <p>Cause inhibitory signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributed to the American concern regarding cannabis use in the early 20th century?

    <p>Its psychotropic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of arterial stiffness on systolic blood pressure (SBP)?

    <p>It increases SBP due to reduced arterial distension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by an increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure?

    <p>Systolic-diastolic hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a normal range for systolic blood pressure (SBP) in adults?

    <p>100-140 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH)?

    <p>Narrowing of arterioles causing increased total peripheral resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of hypertensive patients are treated in North America?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential cause of secondary hypertension?

    <p>Disruption of endothelial cells layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding compliance of arteries?

    <p>Decrease in compliance leads to higher systolic blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential hypertension characterized by?

    <p>It constitutes more than 80% of all hypertension cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic class is generally associated with time-dependent killing?

    <p>Beta lactams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the effectiveness of continuous infusion of antibiotics?

    <p>It ensures that plasma levels are always above the MIC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of aminoglycosides, why is once daily therapy preferred despite potential secondary effects?

    <p>It allows time for cell recovery from damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is considered most important when choosing an antibiotic for treatment?

    <p>Bacterial strain characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 't > MIC' signify in antibiotic dosing strategy?

    <p>The time that plasma concentration exceeds the minimum inhibitory concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Secretion of estrogen and progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the corpus luteum degenerates?

    <p>Loss of progesterone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormonal contraceptives typically includes both synthetic estrogen and progestin?

    <p>Combined oral contraceptives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of combined oral contraceptives?

    <p>Inhibition of endogenous hormone release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do monophasic formulations of contraceptives differ from biphasic or triphasic formulations?

    <p>They maintain identical dosing throughout the cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contraceptive methods is purely non-hormonal?

    <p>Copper intrauterine device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 7 placebo tablets in the standard prescription of combined oral contraceptives?

    <p>To induce withdrawal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes extended cycle formulations like Seasonale from standard contraceptive pills?

    <p>They have 84 active hormone tablets followed by 7 placebo tablets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of botulinum toxin on presynaptic nerve terminals?

    <p>Prevents vesicular fusion with the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following heavy metals is known to cause softening of bones?

    <p>Cadmium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using chelation therapy in heavy metal toxicity?

    <p>To prevent further interaction with endogenous macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pollutants are specifically mentioned as major air pollutants?

    <p>Sulfur oxides and Hydrocarbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do many toxic alkaloids have even in dilute forms?

    <p>They can produce potent pharmacological effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of administration for dimercaprol in chelation therapy?

    <p>Intramuscular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of damage can occur from exposure to heavy metals?

    <p>Neurological deficiencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the effects of the smallest particulate matter in air pollution?

    <p>Can result in nausea and dizziness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism underlies the toxicity of heavy metals like lead and mercury?

    <p>Reaction with oxygen/sulfur residues on enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of toxins or venoms are primarily used by plants?

    <p>For defensive purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    General Introduction to Toxicology

    • Toxicology is the study of harmful effects of substances on living organisms
    • Xenobiotics are substances foreign/unnatural to an organism
    • Toxins are poisonous substances produced by living organisms
    • Venom is a toxin delivered by a living organism for defense

    Types of Exposures

    • Acute exposure: single high dose over short duration
    • Chronic exposure: repeated low doses over long duration

    Mechanisms of Toxicity

    • Direct interaction with cellular components
    • Interference with biological processes (e.g., enzyme function)
    • Production of reactive species (e.g., ROS, reactive oxygen species)

    Toxic Effects

    • Alterations in structure and function of macromolecules
    • Interference with homeostatic mechanisms

    Factors Affecting Toxicity

    • Dose: amount of substance
    • Route of exposure: oral, inhalation, dermal
    • Duration of exposure
    • Age: children and elderly often have higher sensitivity to toxins
    • Pre-existing conditions (diseases, chronic illnesses)
    • Genetic factors

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    PCTH Lecture Notes on Cannabis and Cannabinoids (P2) - PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the role of microtubules during mitosis, the impact of microtubule disruption, and the effects of drugs like vincristine. Additionally, the quiz covers historical aspects of cannabis use and its effects on health, particularly regarding cannabinoid receptors and blood pressure dynamics.

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