Podcast
Questions and Answers
Fluid moves in the ............ direction as veins.
Fluid moves in the ............ direction as veins.
- same (correct)
- opposite
- horizontal
- random
The first function of the lymphatic system is to drain ................... containing fluid to ................
The first function of the lymphatic system is to drain ................... containing fluid to ................
protein, blood
The lymphatic circulation is a drainage system and its job in maintaining fluid balance to collect excess ...................... and return it to the .................
The lymphatic circulation is a drainage system and its job in maintaining fluid balance to collect excess ...................... and return it to the .................
- interstitial (correct)
- blood (correct)
- protein
- plasma
Lymph capillaries are ............. to blood capillaries.
Lymph capillaries are ............. to blood capillaries.
Which of the following has a closed-ended tube?
Which of the following has a closed-ended tube?
Which has an open ended tube?
Which has an open ended tube?
Which has a larger lumen? Blood Capillaries or Lymph Capillaries?
Which has a larger lumen? Blood Capillaries or Lymph Capillaries?
Which has a smaller lumen size? Blood Capillaries or Lymph Capillaries?
Which has a smaller lumen size? Blood Capillaries or Lymph Capillaries?
Which has a regular lumen? Blood Capillaries or Lymph Capillaries?
Which has a regular lumen? Blood Capillaries or Lymph Capillaries?
Which has an irregular lumen? Blood Capillaries or Lymph Capillaries?
Which has an irregular lumen? Blood Capillaries or Lymph Capillaries?
Which is less permeable? Blood Capillaries or Lymph Capillaries?
Which is less permeable? Blood Capillaries or Lymph Capillaries?
Which is more permeable? Blood Capillaries or Lymph Capillaries?
Which is more permeable? Blood Capillaries or Lymph Capillaries?
Which has non overlapping endothelial cells? Blood Capillaries or Lymph Capillaries?
Which has non overlapping endothelial cells? Blood Capillaries or Lymph Capillaries?
Which has overlapping cells? Blood Capillaries or Lymph Capillaries?
Which has overlapping cells? Blood Capillaries or Lymph Capillaries?
Lymphatic capillaries or vessels are NOT found in?
Lymphatic capillaries or vessels are NOT found in?
Which has thinner walls? Veins or Lymphatic vessels?
Which has thinner walls? Veins or Lymphatic vessels?
Lymphatic Vessels have a larger lumen than veins?
Lymphatic Vessels have a larger lumen than veins?
Veins posses more valves than lymphatic vessels?
Veins posses more valves than lymphatic vessels?
What are the largest lymphatic vessels or ducts?
What are the largest lymphatic vessels or ducts?
The Left Lymphatic or Thoracic duct drains to the left side of the body ............. to the ribs, and empties into junction of the ............... ................. ................ vein and the ......... ............ vein.
The Left Lymphatic or Thoracic duct drains to the left side of the body ............. to the ribs, and empties into junction of the ............... ................. ................ vein and the ......... ............ vein.
The right Lymphatic Duct drains the .............. ................. area, and empties into junction of the right ...................... ................ vein and the ................. ................ vein.
The right Lymphatic Duct drains the .............. ................. area, and empties into junction of the right ...................... ................ vein and the ................. ................ vein.
Lymphatic from the lower portion of the body converge to form a dilated lymph vessel called the .............. ................, of the abdominal cavity. At the level of the ................ thoracic vertebrae, it then narrows and becomes the ................ thoracic duct.
Lymphatic from the lower portion of the body converge to form a dilated lymph vessel called the .............. ................, of the abdominal cavity. At the level of the ................ thoracic vertebrae, it then narrows and becomes the ................ thoracic duct.
Lymphatic Vessels from all over the body, except the ............ .............. ............, drain into the ............. thoracic duct.
Lymphatic Vessels from all over the body, except the ............ .............. ............, drain into the ............. thoracic duct.
Lymph is continually emptied into the blood where it mixes with?
Lymph is continually emptied into the blood where it mixes with?
Maintenance of Lymph flow from tissue spaces to large lymphatic ducts to the subclavian veins is maintained by what 3 things?
Maintenance of Lymph flow from tissue spaces to large lymphatic ducts to the subclavian veins is maintained by what 3 things?
In order to maintain Lymph Flow ............... ensure the movement of lymph toward the .................... veins
In order to maintain Lymph Flow ............... ensure the movement of lymph toward the .................... veins
Respiratory movements create a .............. between the two ends of the lymphatic system.
Respiratory movements create a .............. between the two ends of the lymphatic system.
Lymph flows from the abdominal region where pressure is .............. to the thoracic region where it is ..............
Lymph flows from the abdominal region where pressure is .............. to the thoracic region where it is ..............
Lymph flows from the ............... region where the pressure is high, to the .................... region where it is low.
Lymph flows from the ............... region where the pressure is high, to the .................... region where it is low.
The second function of the Lymphatic system is the absorption of ............ and ............... soluble vitamins from the ........ .......... to the venous .................
The second function of the Lymphatic system is the absorption of ............ and ............... soluble vitamins from the ........ .......... to the venous .................
The GI tract possesses .......... which aid in absorption.
The GI tract possesses .......... which aid in absorption.
What does villi aid in the GI tract?
What does villi aid in the GI tract?
Within the villus, which two structures are responsible for absorbing vitamins?
Within the villus, which two structures are responsible for absorbing vitamins?
Within the Villus, which capillaries absorb nutrients excluding fat and fat-soluble vitamins?
Within the Villus, which capillaries absorb nutrients excluding fat and fat-soluble vitamins?
Within the villus, which capillaries absorb fat and fat-soluble vitamins?
Within the villus, which capillaries absorb fat and fat-soluble vitamins?
Lacteals have a milky appearance due to what in the lymphatic capillaries?
Lacteals have a milky appearance due to what in the lymphatic capillaries?
The third function of the Lymphatic system is defense against .................. and ....................
The third function of the Lymphatic system is defense against .................. and ....................
What are the 7 components that lymphatic system and immune system?
What are the 7 components that lymphatic system and immune system?
Which of the following is less organized than lymph nodes and found under mucous membranes?
Which of the following is less organized than lymph nodes and found under mucous membranes?
What are the 4 antimicrobial chemicals that is one of the component's to the immune and lymphatic system?
What are the 4 antimicrobial chemicals that is one of the component's to the immune and lymphatic system?
What are the main three functions of the lymphatic system? (Select all that apply)
What are the main three functions of the lymphatic system? (Select all that apply)
What is the location of the thymus gland?
What is the location of the thymus gland?
What happens to the thymus gland during puberty?
What happens to the thymus gland during puberty?
What happens to the thymus during childhood?
What happens to the thymus during childhood?
The thymus gland is a component of which two systems?
The thymus gland is a component of which two systems?
The endocrine system of the Thymus produces thymic hormones called:
The endocrine system of the Thymus produces thymic hormones called:
The endocrine portion of the Thymus produces cytokines, these are responsible for ............. T Cell production.
The endocrine portion of the Thymus produces cytokines, these are responsible for ............. T Cell production.
The immune system portion of the thymus is responsible for ................ T Cells.
The immune system portion of the thymus is responsible for ................ T Cells.
What are the two main structures of the Thymus?
What are the two main structures of the Thymus?
Which structure of the Thymus contains many tightly packed lymphocytes?
Which structure of the Thymus contains many tightly packed lymphocytes?
Which structure of the Thymus produces new T lymphocytes?
Which structure of the Thymus produces new T lymphocytes?
The thymus generates no new immune response of its own but rather ............ .............. with an immune potential.
The thymus generates no new immune response of its own but rather ............ .............. with an immune potential.
The Medulla structure of the Thymus contains oval structures called ............. ................. which are unique and the function is unclear.
The Medulla structure of the Thymus contains oval structures called ............. ................. which are unique and the function is unclear.
Which structure of the Thymus does NOT produce T lymphocytes?
Which structure of the Thymus does NOT produce T lymphocytes?
The goal of the Thymus is to produce what?
The goal of the Thymus is to produce what?
T Lymphocytes are found in ............. ............ in red bone marrow and then travel to the thymus gland for differentiation.
T Lymphocytes are found in ............. ............ in red bone marrow and then travel to the thymus gland for differentiation.
After T Lymphocytes exit the thymus gland via ................. lymphatic vessels they enter the blood as ............. .... cells.
After T Lymphocytes exit the thymus gland via ................. lymphatic vessels they enter the blood as ............. .... cells.
The thymus has no ..................... lymphatics because lymph does not enter the gland.
The thymus has no ..................... lymphatics because lymph does not enter the gland.
What are the 4 major location of Lymph Nodes?
What are the 4 major location of Lymph Nodes?
What are the 7 structures of the Lymph node?
What are the 7 structures of the Lymph node?
How many afferent lymphatic vessels are there?
How many afferent lymphatic vessels are there?
How many efferent lymphatic vessels are there?
How many efferent lymphatic vessels are there?
Afferent Lymphatic vessels are motor or sensory?
Afferent Lymphatic vessels are motor or sensory?
Efferent Lymphatic vessels are motor or sensory?
Efferent Lymphatic vessels are motor or sensory?
Nodes are typically small in size but when the body is exposed to infection the T Lymphocytes differentiate and ............ the node.
Nodes are typically small in size but when the body is exposed to infection the T Lymphocytes differentiate and ............ the node.
What is the thick covering of a lymph node called?
What is the thick covering of a lymph node called?
What are the inward pointing divisions of the lymphatic capsule?
What are the inward pointing divisions of the lymphatic capsule?
Where are the blood vessels entering a lymph node typically located?
Where are the blood vessels entering a lymph node typically located?
Which of the following tissues contains densely packed lymphocytes arranged in masses called lymphatic nodules?
Which of the following tissues contains densely packed lymphocytes arranged in masses called lymphatic nodules?
The cortex is populated with many:
The cortex is populated with many:
Which structure of the lymph node has lymphocytes arranged in strands called medullary cords, which contain macrophages attached to reticular cells?
Which structure of the lymph node has lymphocytes arranged in strands called medullary cords, which contain macrophages attached to reticular cells?
Which structure consists of small masses of lymph tissue that produce lymphocytes?
Which structure consists of small masses of lymph tissue that produce lymphocytes?
Where are lymph nodules found?
Where are lymph nodules found?
What 3 moist places are lymph nodes mostly found in?
What 3 moist places are lymph nodes mostly found in?
Which of the following are examples of lymph nodules?
Which of the following are examples of lymph nodules?
Which of the following is considered to be the largest of the lymphatic organs?
Which of the following is considered to be the largest of the lymphatic organs?
The spleen is ........... in blood, Lymph nodes filter lymph. as opposed to the spleen filtering............
The spleen is ........... in blood, Lymph nodes filter lymph. as opposed to the spleen filtering............
What are the two main functions of the spleen?
What are the two main functions of the spleen?
In the spleen, the immune function removes blood __________ __________.
In the spleen, the immune function removes blood __________ __________.
The filtration function of the spleen removes and destructs ........... ............ blood cells.
The filtration function of the spleen removes and destructs ........... ............ blood cells.
Just like the thymus, the spleen possesses only which type of vessels?
Just like the thymus, the spleen possesses only which type of vessels?
The anterior surface of the spleen is covered with:
The anterior surface of the spleen is covered with:
The spleen is enclosed in a fibroelastic capsule that dips into the organ, forming ...............
The spleen is enclosed in a fibroelastic capsule that dips into the organ, forming ...............
Splenic vessels (large in size) enter the concave portion of the spleen called the ....................?
Splenic vessels (large in size) enter the concave portion of the spleen called the ....................?
These large vessels will divide into smaller splenic vessels that run inside the trabeculae. These vessels are enclosed by a thick sleeve of lymphoid tissue called the .............. of the spleen.
These large vessels will divide into smaller splenic vessels that run inside the trabeculae. These vessels are enclosed by a thick sleeve of lymphoid tissue called the .............. of the spleen.
What are the two types of splenic pulp?
What are the two types of splenic pulp?
Which kind of pulp is associated with thick lymphoid tissue where blood-borne antigens enter and are destroyed during an immune response?
Which kind of pulp is associated with thick lymphoid tissue where blood-borne antigens enter and are destroyed during an immune response?
In the lymphoid tissue (White Pulp), you will find a large number of which of the following cells?
In the lymphoid tissue (White Pulp), you will find a large number of which of the following cells?
What is the name of the splenic pulp that is suffused with blood?
What is the name of the splenic pulp that is suffused with blood?
Between the spleen sinuses there are splenic cords known as ............ of ........... which contain macrophages, function primarily to remove red blood cells and filtration function.
Between the spleen sinuses there are splenic cords known as ............ of ........... which contain macrophages, function primarily to remove red blood cells and filtration function.
Cords of Bilroth contain macrophages which function primarily to remove .......... cells.
Cords of Bilroth contain macrophages which function primarily to remove .......... cells.
What is the term for the surgical removal of the spleen?
What is the term for the surgical removal of the spleen?
Which of the following are the 3 types of tonsils?
Which of the following are the 3 types of tonsils?
Which of the three tonsils is located in the nasopharynx?
Which of the three tonsils is located in the nasopharynx?
Which of the following tonsils is located at the base of the tongue?
Which of the following tonsils is located at the base of the tongue?
Which of the 3 tonsils is commonly removed by a tonsillectomy?
Which of the 3 tonsils is commonly removed by a tonsillectomy?
Functionally, what do the tonsils produce?
Functionally, what do the tonsils produce?
Why are antibodies called immunoglobulins?
Why are antibodies called immunoglobulins?
Antibodies are found in what two places?
Antibodies are found in what two places?
What are 5 Classes of Immunoglobulins (Antibodies)
What are 5 Classes of Immunoglobulins (Antibodies)
Which of the 5 immunoglobulins is found in all body fluids, is the most common type, is very important in fighting bacterial and viral infections, and is the only one that can pass across the placenta?
Which of the 5 immunoglobulins is found in all body fluids, is the most common type, is very important in fighting bacterial and viral infections, and is the only one that can pass across the placenta?
Which of the following immunoglobulins is found in areas that are exposed to outside foreign substances, such as the nose and breathing passageways, digestive tract, ears, eyes, saliva, blood, tears, and breastmilk?
Which of the following immunoglobulins is found in areas that are exposed to outside foreign substances, such as the nose and breathing passageways, digestive tract, ears, eyes, saliva, blood, tears, and breastmilk?
What is found in blood and lymph fluid and is the first type of antibody made during infection?
What is found in blood and lymph fluid and is the first type of antibody made during infection?
Which immunoglobulin is found in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes, and has high levels in people with allergies due to its reaction with pollen, spores, and animal dander?
Which immunoglobulin is found in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes, and has high levels in people with allergies due to its reaction with pollen, spores, and animal dander?
Which antibody is found in small amounts under the belly and chest, and whose function is unclear?
Which antibody is found in small amounts under the belly and chest, and whose function is unclear?
Many (not all) leukocytes cannot reproduce, so they are manufactured by what?
Many (not all) leukocytes cannot reproduce, so they are manufactured by what?
All blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes) develop from ................ in red bone marrow.
All blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes) develop from ................ in red bone marrow.
What are the two main classes of leukocytes?
What are the two main classes of leukocytes?
Which of the following cells contain granules?
Which of the following cells contain granules?
Which type of white blood cells do not contain granules?
Which type of white blood cells do not contain granules?
Which of the following are the three classes of granulocytes?
Which of the following are the three classes of granulocytes?
Which type of cell is associated with allergic reactions and parasites?
Which type of cell is associated with allergic reactions and parasites?
What is the most common type of leukocyte in the human body?
What is the most common type of leukocyte in the human body?
Which of the following granulocytes is attracted to bacteria, foreign material, and inflammation, performing chemotaxis and phagocytosis?
Which of the following granulocytes is attracted to bacteria, foreign material, and inflammation, performing chemotaxis and phagocytosis?
Which type of white blood cells are less common than neutrophils?
Which type of white blood cells are less common than neutrophils?
Which type of white blood cell is named because its granules stain red with the dye eosin and is attracted to:
- parasites in the skin and lungs
- allergic conditions (hay fever, asthma, etc.) because they secrete histamine?
Which type of white blood cell is named because its granules stain red with the dye eosin and is attracted to:
- parasites in the skin and lungs
- allergic conditions (hay fever, asthma, etc.) because they secrete histamine?
What are the 2 classes of agranulocytes?
What are the 2 classes of agranulocytes?
What are the two primary classes of lymphocytes?
What are the two primary classes of lymphocytes?
B cells mature in the:
B cells mature in the:
Which type of cells mature in the thymus?
Which type of cells mature in the thymus?
What are the cells located in the skin that are also known as Langerhans cells?
What are the cells located in the skin that are also known as Langerhans cells?
What is considered the second line of defense in the immune system?
What is considered the second line of defense in the immune system?
Which of the following are groups of serum proteins normally found in blood?
Which of the following are groups of serum proteins normally found in blood?
What protein is secreted when a virus is present?
What protein is secreted when a virus is present?
What is a form of cancer that is curable, usually arising in lymph nodes, the cause of which is unknown?
What is a form of cancer that is curable, usually arising in lymph nodes, the cause of which is unknown?
What is the primary role of neutrophils during an acute infection?
What is the primary role of neutrophils during an acute infection?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of inflammation?
What is a key feature of macrophages compared to neutrophils?
What is a key feature of macrophages compared to neutrophils?
How does fever contribute to the immune response?
How does fever contribute to the immune response?
What distinguishes cellular immunity from humoral immunity?
What distinguishes cellular immunity from humoral immunity?
Which type of T-cell inhibits the function of both B-cells and T-cells?
Which type of T-cell inhibits the function of both B-cells and T-cells?
What is the primary role of antibodies produced by plasma cells?
What is the primary role of antibodies produced by plasma cells?
Which immunoglobulin class is the first type produced during an infection?
Which immunoglobulin class is the first type produced during an infection?
What happens to memory T-cells upon reintroduction of a specific antigen?
What happens to memory T-cells upon reintroduction of a specific antigen?
Why are antibodies referred to as immunoglobulins?
Why are antibodies referred to as immunoglobulins?
Which type of immune response is characterized by the action of T-cells and does not involve antibodies?
Which type of immune response is characterized by the action of T-cells and does not involve antibodies?
Which immunoglobulin class is specifically associated with allergic reactions and asthma?
Which immunoglobulin class is specifically associated with allergic reactions and asthma?
What is the primary function of Helper T-cells in the immune response?
What is the primary function of Helper T-cells in the immune response?
What is the main purpose of pyrogens in relation to fever?
What is the main purpose of pyrogens in relation to fever?
What distinguishes acquired natural active immunity from acquired natural passive immunity?
What distinguishes acquired natural active immunity from acquired natural passive immunity?
Which characteristic of specific defense resistance refers to the system's ability to remember previous pathogens?
Which characteristic of specific defense resistance refers to the system's ability to remember previous pathogens?
What is a primary symptom associated with inflammation?
What is a primary symptom associated with inflammation?
Which type of immunity is developed through the introduction of a vaccine?
Which type of immunity is developed through the introduction of a vaccine?
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in relation to fever?
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in relation to fever?
Which statement correctly describes antibody-mediated immunity?
Which statement correctly describes antibody-mediated immunity?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of specific defense resistance?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of specific defense resistance?
What can trigger an increase in body temperature during fever?
What can trigger an increase in body temperature during fever?
Which type of acquired immunity is obtained through the transfer of antibodies during breastfeeding?
Which type of acquired immunity is obtained through the transfer of antibodies during breastfeeding?
What is the primary function of the skin in the immune defense system?
What is the primary function of the skin in the immune defense system?
Which immune response is characterized by the production of antibodies?
Which immune response is characterized by the production of antibodies?
What is NOT a major nonspecific defense mechanism in the immune system?
What is NOT a major nonspecific defense mechanism in the immune system?
What causes inflammation as a response to infection or injury?
What causes inflammation as a response to infection or injury?
Which of the following is a symptom of fever?
Which of the following is a symptom of fever?
Which component is responsible for the body's nonspecific immune response?
Which component is responsible for the body's nonspecific immune response?
What role do mucous membranes play in immune defense?
What role do mucous membranes play in immune defense?
Which type of acquired immunity is developed after exposure to pathogens?
Which type of acquired immunity is developed after exposure to pathogens?
What is the primary benefit of fever during an infection?
What is the primary benefit of fever during an infection?
What is the main difference between cellular immunity and humoral immunity?
What is the main difference between cellular immunity and humoral immunity?
What role does complement play in the immune response?
What role does complement play in the immune response?
What is the primary function of interferon in the presence of a viral infection?
What is the primary function of interferon in the presence of a viral infection?
Which of the following correctly describes phagocytosis?
Which of the following correctly describes phagocytosis?
Which statement correctly describes the activation of complement proteins?
Which statement correctly describes the activation of complement proteins?
What cells are primarily involved in the process of phagocytosis?
What cells are primarily involved in the process of phagocytosis?
What is a key characteristic of humoral immunity?
What is a key characteristic of humoral immunity?
Which statement accurately describes the immune response mediated by interferon?
Which statement accurately describes the immune response mediated by interferon?
Which type of immunity is characterized by the production of antibodies after exposure to an antigen?
Which type of immunity is characterized by the production of antibodies after exposure to an antigen?
What is the effect of complement activation on the immune response?
What is the effect of complement activation on the immune response?
How does interferon increase resistance to viral infection?
How does interferon increase resistance to viral infection?
Which type of T-cell directly eliminates cells that harbor an offending antigen?
Which type of T-cell directly eliminates cells that harbor an offending antigen?
What type of immunity primarily involves the production of antibodies by plasma cells?
What type of immunity primarily involves the production of antibodies by plasma cells?
Which class of immunoglobulin is known for being the most prevalent in the body and for its ability to cross the placenta?
Which class of immunoglobulin is known for being the most prevalent in the body and for its ability to cross the placenta?
Which type of T-cell serves to inhibit the actions of B-cells and T-cells?
Which type of T-cell serves to inhibit the actions of B-cells and T-cells?
Which immunoglobulin is primarily associated with allergic reactions and is found in elevated levels in allergic individuals?
Which immunoglobulin is primarily associated with allergic reactions and is found in elevated levels in allergic individuals?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the nonspecific defense mechanisms of the immune system?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the nonspecific defense mechanisms of the immune system?
Which of the following is NOT considered a barrier in the first line of defense of the immune system?
Which of the following is NOT considered a barrier in the first line of defense of the immune system?
What is the role of lysozymes found in tears and saliva in the immune system?
What is the role of lysozymes found in tears and saliva in the immune system?
Which component of the barriers provided by the skin contributes to its defense against pathogens?
Which component of the barriers provided by the skin contributes to its defense against pathogens?
Which mechanism among the following is primarily involved in the process of immune surveillance?
Which mechanism among the following is primarily involved in the process of immune surveillance?
What is the primary function of mucous membranes in the immune system?
What is the primary function of mucous membranes in the immune system?
Which fluid in the body is known to have antibacterial properties and serves as a defense mechanism?
Which fluid in the body is known to have antibacterial properties and serves as a defense mechanism?
Which of the following statements about inflammation is accurate?
Which of the following statements about inflammation is accurate?
What is the primary role of neutrophils during an infection?
What is the primary role of neutrophils during an infection?
Which cell type is primarily responsible for clearing away cellular debris and dead neutrophils?
Which cell type is primarily responsible for clearing away cellular debris and dead neutrophils?
What characterizes pus in the context of an infection?
What characterizes pus in the context of an infection?
What is a common symptom of inflammation?
What is a common symptom of inflammation?
How do natural killer cells contribute to immune surveillance?
How do natural killer cells contribute to immune surveillance?
What is the lifespan of neutrophils after performing their function during an infection?
What is the lifespan of neutrophils after performing their function during an infection?
Which process increases blood flow and the movement of immune cells to an infection site?
Which process increases blood flow and the movement of immune cells to an infection site?
Which statement about macrophages is true?
Which statement about macrophages is true?
Which inflammatory response is caused by increased capillary permeability?
Which inflammatory response is caused by increased capillary permeability?
What is the role of immune surveillance in the body?
What is the role of immune surveillance in the body?
What is the primary triggering factor for the activation of complement proteins?
What is the primary triggering factor for the activation of complement proteins?
Which of the following is NOT a function of interferon?
Which of the following is NOT a function of interferon?
Which type of leukocyte is predominantly responsible for phagocytosis during immune responses?
Which type of leukocyte is predominantly responsible for phagocytosis during immune responses?
How does interferon protect neighboring cells from viral infections?
How does interferon protect neighboring cells from viral infections?
What role do macrophages play in relation to complement proteins?
What role do macrophages play in relation to complement proteins?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between complement proteins and antibodies?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between complement proteins and antibodies?
Which of the following processes is directly enhanced by complement proteins?
Which of the following processes is directly enhanced by complement proteins?
In which phase does a cell produce interferon after being infected by a virus?
In which phase does a cell produce interferon after being infected by a virus?
What are two primary types of phagocytes involved in the immune response?
What are two primary types of phagocytes involved in the immune response?
What happens to a cell that is producing interferon?
What happens to a cell that is producing interferon?
What is the main purpose of pyrogens in relation to body temperature?
What is the main purpose of pyrogens in relation to body temperature?
Which type of immunity is acquired naturally through infections?
Which type of immunity is acquired naturally through infections?
What is an example of innate immunity present at birth?
What is an example of innate immunity present at birth?
Which characteristic of specific defense resistance involves the ability to recognize previously encountered antigens?
Which characteristic of specific defense resistance involves the ability to recognize previously encountered antigens?
Under what condition should medical attention be sought regarding a fever?
Under what condition should medical attention be sought regarding a fever?
Which of the following correctly describes acquired artificial active immunity?
Which of the following correctly describes acquired artificial active immunity?
What role does fever play in the body's defense mechanism?
What role does fever play in the body's defense mechanism?
Which type of immunity is obtained through the transfer of antibodies from the mother to the fetus?
Which type of immunity is obtained through the transfer of antibodies from the mother to the fetus?
What is one example of a pyrogen that can cause fever?
What is one example of a pyrogen that can cause fever?
What is NOT a characteristic of specific defense resistance?
What is NOT a characteristic of specific defense resistance?
What is the primary cause of glaucoma related to aqueous humor?
What is the primary cause of glaucoma related to aqueous humor?
Which treatment is commonly indicated for diabetic retinopathy?
Which treatment is commonly indicated for diabetic retinopathy?
Which of the following is commonly linked to macular degeneration?
Which of the following is commonly linked to macular degeneration?
What is the primary function of tonometry in eye care?
What is the primary function of tonometry in eye care?
What is the primary role of rod cells in the retina?
What is the primary role of rod cells in the retina?
Which part of the retina contains only cone cells and is responsible for visual acuity?
Which part of the retina contains only cone cells and is responsible for visual acuity?
Which layer of the eye is responsible for converting light into electrical impulses?
Which layer of the eye is responsible for converting light into electrical impulses?
What characterizes the optic disk in the retina?
What characterizes the optic disk in the retina?
What causes the blind spot in the visual field?
What causes the blind spot in the visual field?
What is the purpose of the aqueous humor in the eye?
What is the purpose of the aqueous humor in the eye?
Which protein is a key component of rhodopsin, crucial for vision in low light?
Which protein is a key component of rhodopsin, crucial for vision in low light?
How does the lens of the eye adjust for focus?
How does the lens of the eye adjust for focus?
What is the primary function of the medial rectus muscle in the eye?
What is the primary function of the medial rectus muscle in the eye?
Which layer of the eye is responsible for light perception?
Which layer of the eye is responsible for light perception?
How does rhodopsin respond to light exposure?
How does rhodopsin respond to light exposure?
What type of pigment does a red-sensitive cone cell contain?
What type of pigment does a red-sensitive cone cell contain?
Which muscles are innervated by the trochlear nerve?
Which muscles are innervated by the trochlear nerve?
What role does the conjunctiva serve for the eyeball?
What role does the conjunctiva serve for the eyeball?
Which type of cell in the retina is responsible for color vision?
Which type of cell in the retina is responsible for color vision?
What chemical change occurs in the 11-cis-retinal when it interacts with light?
What chemical change occurs in the 11-cis-retinal when it interacts with light?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the movement of the eye away from the nose?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the movement of the eye away from the nose?
What is the primary function of the inferior rectus muscle?
What is the primary function of the inferior rectus muscle?
What characterizes a person with 20/10 vision?
What characterizes a person with 20/10 vision?
What is the primary reason that hawks have more acute vision than humans?
What is the primary reason that hawks have more acute vision than humans?
What condition is characterized by seeing near objects clearly but struggling with distant objects?
What condition is characterized by seeing near objects clearly but struggling with distant objects?
What optical device is used to correct nearsightedness?
What optical device is used to correct nearsightedness?
What happens to light rays when they encounter a concave lens?
What happens to light rays when they encounter a concave lens?
What occurs during the development of cataracts?
What occurs during the development of cataracts?
What is likely a risk factor for developing cataracts?
What is likely a risk factor for developing cataracts?
What anatomical feature of the eye is responsible for focusing images onto the retina?
What anatomical feature of the eye is responsible for focusing images onto the retina?
How do light rays become focused in front of the retina?
How do light rays become focused in front of the retina?
What is the primary function of cones in the retina?
What is the primary function of cones in the retina?
Which structure is responsible for the bending of light as it enters the eye?
Which structure is responsible for the bending of light as it enters the eye?
What role do the ciliary body and iris play in the functioning of the eye?
What role do the ciliary body and iris play in the functioning of the eye?
Which part of the eye is primarily responsible for the immune privilege that allows corneal transplants?
Which part of the eye is primarily responsible for the immune privilege that allows corneal transplants?
Which tunic of the eye is known as the 'white part of the eye'?
Which tunic of the eye is known as the 'white part of the eye'?
Tears secreted by the lacrimal glands serve which primary purpose in eye protection?
Tears secreted by the lacrimal glands serve which primary purpose in eye protection?
What determines the color of a person's iris?
What determines the color of a person's iris?
Which muscle in the iris is responsible for making the pupil larger?
Which muscle in the iris is responsible for making the pupil larger?
Which layer of the eye contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to the eye structures?
Which layer of the eye contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to the eye structures?
What is the primary role of the retina within the eye?
What is the primary role of the retina within the eye?
Which function is NOT a role of the eye's protective structures, such as eyelashes and eyelids?
Which function is NOT a role of the eye's protective structures, such as eyelashes and eyelids?
Which layer of the ear drum is responsible for its vibration when sound waves hit it?
Which layer of the ear drum is responsible for its vibration when sound waves hit it?
What is the major function of the ossicles found in the middle ear?
What is the major function of the ossicles found in the middle ear?
How does the tensor tympani muscle contribute to ear protection?
How does the tensor tympani muscle contribute to ear protection?
What occurs when the eardrum vibrates with high pitch sounds?
What occurs when the eardrum vibrates with high pitch sounds?
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between sound intensity and eardrum movement?
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between sound intensity and eardrum movement?
What physical property of the eardrum is crucial for its function during sound detection?
What physical property of the eardrum is crucial for its function during sound detection?
Which muscles are involved in the reflex action to protect the ears from low pitched sounds?
Which muscles are involved in the reflex action to protect the ears from low pitched sounds?
What happens to the eardrum as sound waves of greater intensity are received?
What happens to the eardrum as sound waves of greater intensity are received?
Which of the following structures is connected to the eardrum and plays a role in its functionality?
Which of the following structures is connected to the eardrum and plays a role in its functionality?
What is the primary function of the hairs located in the Organ of Corti?
What is the primary function of the hairs located in the Organ of Corti?
Which of the following structures is responsible for sensing acceleration and deceleration?
Which of the following structures is responsible for sensing acceleration and deceleration?
What characterizes nerve deafness?
What characterizes nerve deafness?
Which chamber of the cochlea contains the Organ of Corti?
Which chamber of the cochlea contains the Organ of Corti?
What is vertigo commonly associated with?
What is vertigo commonly associated with?
What role does the Pinna (Auricle) play in hearing?
What role does the Pinna (Auricle) play in hearing?
What fluid is found in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear?
What fluid is found in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear?
How is frequency characterized in sound?
How is frequency characterized in sound?
How do the cochlea and the middle ear differ in sound conduction?
How do the cochlea and the middle ear differ in sound conduction?
Which component of the ear is responsible for sensing sound vibrations?
Which component of the ear is responsible for sensing sound vibrations?
Which part of the vestibular apparatus is NOT one of the three semicircular canals?
Which part of the vestibular apparatus is NOT one of the three semicircular canals?
What type of motion do the sensory components of the vestibular apparatus primarily evaluate?
What type of motion do the sensory components of the vestibular apparatus primarily evaluate?
What is the function of cerumen in the external auditory meatus?
What is the function of cerumen in the external auditory meatus?
Which condition is characterized by a ringing sensation in the ears?
Which condition is characterized by a ringing sensation in the ears?
What determines the loudness of a sound?
What determines the loudness of a sound?
Which part of the ear is an air-filled cavity containing ossicles?
Which part of the ear is an air-filled cavity containing ossicles?
What limits the directionality of sound catchment in humans compared to canines?
What limits the directionality of sound catchment in humans compared to canines?
At what range of Hertz can humans typically hear sound?
At what range of Hertz can humans typically hear sound?
What is the role of the tympanic membrane in the auditory system?
What is the role of the tympanic membrane in the auditory system?
What physical property of sound waves is associated with pitch?
What physical property of sound waves is associated with pitch?
Flashcards
Antigen
Antigen
Any substance that triggers an immune response
Killer T-cells
Killer T-cells
Destroy cells with foreign antigens
Helper T-cells
Helper T-cells
Activate other immune cells (B-cells and T-cells)
Suppressor T-cells
Suppressor T-cells
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Memory T-cells
Memory T-cells
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Plasma Cells
Plasma Cells
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Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)
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IgG
IgG
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Fever Cause
Fever Cause
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Fever's Role
Fever's Role
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Specific Defense
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Innate Immunity
Innate Immunity
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Acquired Immunity
Acquired Immunity
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Acquired Natural Passive Immunity
Acquired Natural Passive Immunity
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Acquired Artificial Active Immunity
Acquired Artificial Active Immunity
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Specificity (Specific Defense)
Specificity (Specific Defense)
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Memory (Specific Defense)
Memory (Specific Defense)
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Acquired Natural Active Immunity
Acquired Natural Active Immunity
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Complement system
Complement system
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Complement activation
Complement activation
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Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
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Macrophages
Macrophages
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Interferon
Interferon
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Viral Protection (Interferon)
Viral Protection (Interferon)
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Neutrophils
Neutrophils
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Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis
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Inflammation
Inflammation
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Natural Killer cells
Natural Killer cells
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Immune System Function 1
Immune System Function 1
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Immune System Function 2
Immune System Function 2
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Immune System Function 3
Immune System Function 3
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Nonspecific Resistance
Nonspecific Resistance
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Skin Barrier
Skin Barrier
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Mucous Membranes
Mucous Membranes
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Lysozymes
Lysozymes
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First Line of Defense
First Line of Defense
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Resistance (Body)
Resistance (Body)
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Barriers (Specific defenses)
Barriers (Specific defenses)
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Neutrophils' Role
Neutrophils' Role
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Macrophage Function
Macrophage Function
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Inflammation
Inflammation
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Immune Surveillance (NK Cells)
Immune Surveillance (NK Cells)
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Pus Composition
Pus Composition
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Immune System Function 1
Immune System Function 1
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Immune System Function 2
Immune System Function 2
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Immune System Function 3
Immune System Function 3
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Nonspecific Resistance
Nonspecific Resistance
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Skin Barrier
Skin Barrier
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Mucous Membranes
Mucous Membranes
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Barriers (Nonspecific Defense)
Barriers (Nonspecific Defense)
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Lysozymes
Lysozymes
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Complement System
Complement System
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Complement Activation
Complement Activation
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Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
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Macrophage
Macrophage
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Interferon
Interferon
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Viral Protection (Interferon)
Viral Protection (Interferon)
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Neutrophil
Neutrophil
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Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis
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Inflammation
Inflammation
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2nd Line of Defense
2nd Line of Defense
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Neutrophil Function
Neutrophil Function
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Macrophage Role
Macrophage Role
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Inflammation's Purpose
Inflammation's Purpose
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Pus Composition
Pus Composition
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Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis
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Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
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Immune Surveillance
Immune Surveillance
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Natural Killer (NK) cells
Natural Killer (NK) cells
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Inflammation Symptoms
Inflammation Symptoms
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Acute Infection
Acute Infection
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Fever Cause
Fever Cause
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Fever's Role
Fever's Role
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Specific Defense
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Innate Immunity
Innate Immunity
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Acquired Immunity
Acquired Immunity
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Acquired Natural Passive Immunity
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Acquired Artificial Active Immunity
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Specificity (Specific Defense)
Specificity (Specific Defense)
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Memory (Specific Defense)
Memory (Specific Defense)
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Acquired Natural Active Immunity
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Antigen
Antigen
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T-cells
T-cells
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Antibody (Immunoglobulin)
Antibody (Immunoglobulin)
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IgG
IgG
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Helper T-cells
Helper T-cells
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Retina
Retina
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Rod cells
Rod cells
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Cone cells
Cone cells
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Macula
Macula
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Fovea Centralis
Fovea Centralis
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Rhodopsin
Rhodopsin
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Optic nerve
Optic nerve
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Optic disk
Optic disk
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Conjunctiva
Conjunctiva
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Conjunctivitis
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Eye Muscles
Eye Muscles
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Medial Rectus
Medial Rectus
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Lateral Rectus
Lateral Rectus
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Retina
Retina
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Rods and Cones
Rods and Cones
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Rhodopsin
Rhodopsin
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Cone Pigments
Cone Pigments
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Color Vision
Color Vision
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20/10 vision
20/10 vision
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Hawk's acute vision
Hawk's acute vision
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Refraction
Refraction
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Convex lens
Convex lens
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Concave lens
Concave lens
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Nearsightedness (myopia)
Nearsightedness (myopia)
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Farsightedness (hyperopia)
Farsightedness (hyperopia)
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Cataracts
Cataracts
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Cataract causes
Cataract causes
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Correcting nearsightedness
Correcting nearsightedness
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Cataract Repair
Cataract Repair
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Glaucoma Cause
Glaucoma Cause
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Nyctalopia (Night Blindness)
Nyctalopia (Night Blindness)
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Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment
Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment
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Macular Degeneration (SMD) Causes
Macular Degeneration (SMD) Causes
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Eye Size and Location
Eye Size and Location
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Eye Protection (Fat)
Eye Protection (Fat)
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Eyelid Function
Eyelid Function
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Tears and Flow
Tears and Flow
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Sclera Layer
Sclera Layer
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Cornea and Light Bending
Cornea and Light Bending
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Choroid (Uveal Tract)
Choroid (Uveal Tract)
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Pupil Size Control
Pupil Size Control
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Iris Color
Iris Color
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Ciliary Body
Ciliary Body
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Sound Production
Sound Production
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High Pitch Sound
High Pitch Sound
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Low Pitch Sound
Low Pitch Sound
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Sound Frequency
Sound Frequency
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Human Hearing Range
Human Hearing Range
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Pinna (Auricle)
Pinna (Auricle)
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External Auditory Meatus
External Auditory Meatus
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Ear Drum (Tympanic Membrane)
Ear Drum (Tympanic Membrane)
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Sound Wave Amplitude
Sound Wave Amplitude
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Middle Ear Ossicles
Middle Ear Ossicles
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Ear Drum Structure
Ear Drum Structure
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Air Pressure Regulation
Air Pressure Regulation
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Ossicles Function
Ossicles Function
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Loud Sound Effect
Loud Sound Effect
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Ossicles (Malleus, Incus, Stapes)
Ossicles (Malleus, Incus, Stapes)
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Ear Drum Vibration (Pitch)
Ear Drum Vibration (Pitch)
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Eustachian Tube
Eustachian Tube
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Middle Ear Muscles (Reflex)
Middle Ear Muscles (Reflex)
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Tensor Tympani Muscle
Tensor Tympani Muscle
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Sound Wave Effect on Ear Drum
Sound Wave Effect on Ear Drum
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Cochlea Function
Cochlea Function
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Organ of Corti
Organ of Corti
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Vestibular Apparatus Location
Vestibular Apparatus Location
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Vestibular Apparatus Function
Vestibular Apparatus Function
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Nerve Deafness
Nerve Deafness
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Tinnitus Cause
Tinnitus Cause
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Vertigo Definition
Vertigo Definition
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Dizziness Definition
Dizziness Definition
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3 semicircular canals
3 semicircular canals
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Perilymph
Perilymph
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