Biology: Characteristics of Sponges

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Questions and Answers

What is the level of organisation in sponges?

Cellular level (correct)
Organ level
Tissue level
Organ system level

What is the function of the water transport system in sponges?

Only for reproduction
For food gathering, respiratory exchange and removal of waste (correct)
Only for respiratory exchange
Only for removal of waste

What lines the spongocoel and canals in sponges?

Choanocytes or collar cells (correct)
Egg cells
Muscle cells
Sperm cells

How do sponges reproduce asexually?

By fragmentation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of spicules or spongin fibers in sponges?

For support (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of fertilisation in sponges?

Internal (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the larval stage in sponges?

Morphologically distinct from the adult (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of sexes in sponges?

Hermaphrodite (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outer covering of the body of a mollusk?

Calcareous shell (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the radula in mollusks?

Feeding function (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the development of mollusks?

Indirect development (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the space between the visceral hump and the mantle in mollusks?

Mantle cavity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the body of an echinoderm?

Calcareous ossicles (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the level of organisation of echinoderms?

Organ-system level (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the symmetry of adult echinoderms?

Radial symmetry (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the anus in echinoderms?

Upper (dorsal) side (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the endoskeleton of Chondrichthyes?

Cartilaginous (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the electric organs in some Chondrichthyes?

Defence mechanism (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the jaws of Chondrichthyes?

They are very powerful (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why Chondrichthyes have to swim constantly?

To avoid sinking due to the absence of air bladder (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the heart of Chondrichthyes?

Two-chambered (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of fertilisation in Chondrichthyes?

Internal (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the skin of Chondrichthyes?

Tough, containing minute placoid scales (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the body temperature regulation in Chondrichthyes?

They are cold-blooded (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of symmetry do chordates possess?

Bilateral symmetry (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the central nervous system in chordates?

Dorsal, hollow, and single (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the pharynx in chordates?

Gill slits are present (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the heart in chordates?

Ventral (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the post-anal part in chordates?

Post-anal tail is present (C) Signup and view all the answers

How many subphyla are there in the phylum Chordata?

Three (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of notochord in Urochordata?

Present only in larval tail (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of notochord in Cephalochordata?

Present throughout their life (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which group of organisms is characterized by the presence of a water vascular system?

Echinodermata (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between vertebrates and chordates?

All vertebrates are chordates. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of air bladders in Pisces?

Buoyancy and balance (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which modifications help birds fly?

Wings and hollow bones (D) Signup and view all the answers

Can the number of eggs or young ones produced by an oviparous and viviparous mother be equal?

No (C) Signup and view all the answers

In which group is segmentation first observed?

Annelida (B) Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Phylum Porifera

Characteristics: marine, asymmetrical, primitive multicellular animals with cellular level of organization
Body structure: water transport system, canal system, and spongocoel
Functions: food gathering, respiratory exchange, and removal of waste
Cell types: choanocytes or collar cells
Digestion: intracellular
Skeleton: made up of spicules or spongin fibers
Reproduction: asexual by fragmentation, sexual by formation of gametes
Fertilization: internal, development indirect with a larval stage

Phylum Mollusca

Characteristics: usually dioecious, oviparous, and have indirect development
Body structure: soft and spongy layer of skin, visceral hump, and mantle cavity
Features: feather-like gills, radula, and sensory tentacles
Examples: Pila (Apple snail), Pinctada (Pearl oyster), Sepia (Cuttlefish), Loligo (Squid), Octopus (Devil fish), Aplysia (Sea-hare), Dentalium (Tusk shell), and Chaetopleura (Chiton)

Phylum Echinodermata

Characteristics: endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles, radial symmetry, and organ-system level of organization
Body structure: adult echinoderms are radially symmetrical, but larvae are bilaterally symmetrical
Features: complete digestive system, mouth on the lower side, and anus on the upper side
Examples: starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers

Phylum Chordata

Characteristics: notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharynx perforated by gill slits, and post-anal tail
Subphyla: Urochordata (Tunicata), Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata
Examples: Petromyzon (Lamprey), Myxine (Hagfish)

Class Chondrichthyes

Characteristics: marine animals, streamlined body, cartilaginous endoskeleton, and ventrally located mouth
Features: notochord persistent throughout life, separate gill slits, and tough skin with minute placoid scales
Teeth: modified placoid scales, backwardly directed
Jaws: very powerful
Examples: Scoliodon (Dog fish), Pristis (Saw fish), Carcharodon (Great white shark), and Trygon (Sting ray)

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