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Questions and Answers
What is the basic unit of life?
Which of the following statements describes a method of reproduction?
Which characteristic of living things involves responding to outside conditions?
What process allows green plants to make their own food?
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What term describes the gradual change that leads to the emergence of new species?
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In which organizational level are cells categorized?
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What characteristic is essential for maintaining internal balance in living organisms?
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Who proposed a hierarchical taxonomy for organizing species in the 18th century?
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What characterizes organisms in the Kingdom Monera?
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Which of the following is NOT a mode of nutrition for bacteria?
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Which group of protists includes organisms like rhizopods and ciliates?
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What is a defining feature of the Kingdom Fungi?
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How do eubacteria typically reproduce?
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Which of the following are considered extremophiles?
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What distinguishes plant-like protists from other protist groups?
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Which of the following classifications was introduced by Robert Whittaker?
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What is a characteristic feature of Kingdom Plantae?
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How are the kingdoms of life primarily divided?
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What is the main principle behind biological evolution?
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Which process describes the change in allele frequency due to chance events?
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What occurs during genetic drift?
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In the context of the Binomial System of Nomenclature, how should the genus name be formatted?
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What defines the term 'systematics' in biological classification?
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Which domain of life includes organisms with complex cells?
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Which of the following describes the effect of non-random mating?
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What is the result of mutation in an organism's DNA?
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What type of reproduction do Tracheophytes primarily exhibit?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Cnidarians?
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What distinguishes Vertebrates from Invertebrates?
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Which of the following groups includes mammals?
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What type of body structure do Porifera possess?
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Amphibians have which of the following characteristics?
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What is the primary mode of reproduction for fungi?
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Which of the following groups is characterized by segmented bodies and jointed appendages?
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Which of the following characteristics defines Bryophytes?
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What is a distinguishing feature of Reptiles?
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Study Notes
Characteristics of Living Things
- All living organisms are composed of one or more cells, the basic unit of life.
- All living forms carry deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the genetic blueprint.
- Organisms obtain and utilize energy from their environment.
- Reproduction is a fundamental characteristic; organisms pass genetic information to offspring.
- Living things respond to environmental stimuli to adapt and survive.
- Homeostasis is maintained to regulate internal balance despite external changes.
- Growth and development occur in all organisms throughout their life cycles.
Evolution
- Evolution is the gradual process by which new species originate from ancestral species.
- Carl Linnaeus pioneered hierarchical taxonomy in the 18th century.
- Biological evolution indicates that all life shares a common ancestor.
- Descent with modification leads to the diversity of species documented in the fossil record.
Mechanisms of Evolution
- Natural Selection: Advantageous traits are favored, enhancing survival and reproduction.
- Mutation: DNA changes in parents can affect offspring traits, impacting allele frequencies.
- Genetic Drift: Random changes in allele frequency can occur in small populations.
- Gene Flow: Movement of genes between populations alters genetic diversity.
- Non-Random Mating: Preferences in mating partners result in favored traits becoming more common in future generations.
Taxonomy and Systematics
- Taxonomy classifies and names living organisms (nomenclature).
- Systematics involves understanding evolutionary relationships (phylogenetics) among species.
Binomial Nomenclature
- Each organism has a two-part Latin name consisting of genus and species.
- Genus starts with a capital letter, species in lowercase; both are italicized or underlined when handwritten.
- Examples include:
- Homo sapiens (Humans)
- Helianthus annuus (Sunflower)
- Panthera tigris (Tiger)
- Mangifera indica (Mango)
- Canis familiaris (Dog)
Domains of Life
- Three domains exist: Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria.
- Eukarya: Includes complex organisms with cells containing nuclei.
- Archaea: Comprises single-celled organisms that often inhabit extreme environments.
- Bacteria: Characterized by single-celled organisms without nuclei.
Kingdom Classification
- Carolus Linnaeus introduced the two-kingdom system: Plantae and Animalia.
- Robert Whittaker expanded this to five kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, Monera, Protista, Fungi.
Kingdom Details
- Kingdom Monera: Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms; divided into Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
- Kingdom Protista: Eukaryotic organisms, can be unicellular or multicellular; includes various protists such as protozoans and algae.
- Kingdom Fungi: Eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms; generally multicellular with hyphae, which are long thread-like structures.
- Kingdom Plantae: Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic organisms; classified into vascular and non-vascular plants.
- Kingdom Animalia: Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms; includes invertebrates and vertebrates based on the presence of a notochord.
Overview of Animal Classification
- Invertebrates: Animals without a backbone, including Porifera (sponges) and Cnidarians (jellyfish).
- Vertebrates: Animals with a backbone, categorized into fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, each with distinct characteristics.
Summary of Kingdom Traits
- Monera: Prokaryotic, unicellular, can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
- Protista: Eukaryotic, both unicellular and multicellular, includes various nutritional modes.
- Fungi: Eukaryotic, multicellular or unicellular, heterotrophic, primarily via spores.
- Plantae: Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic with cellulose-based cell walls.
- Animalia: Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, derived from fertilized gametes.
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Description
Explore the fundamental characteristics that define living organisms and understand the processes of evolution. This quiz covers key concepts such as cellular composition, DNA, energy utilization, and the mechanisms of evolution including natural selection. Test your knowledge on how living things adapt, grow, and diversify over time.
