Biology Chapter: Transport of Substances

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis?

Smoking

Diet

Age (correct)

Physical inactivity

What role does thromboplastin play in blood clotting?

It triggers platelet attachment

It forms fibrinogen

It releases calcium ions from bones

It converts prothrombin to thrombin (correct)

Which factor contributes to the elasticity of arteries in females?

Dietary fats

High blood pressure

Physical inactivity

Estrogen (correct)

What is a consequence of high cholesterol levels?

Increased likelihood of plaque formation Signup and view all the answers

What dietary change can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases?

Reducing sugar consumption Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential for the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin?

Vitamin K Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of obesity regarding cardiovascular health?

Increased cholesterol levels Signup and view all the answers

What happens when calories consumed exceed calories burned?

Weight gain occurs Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hydrogen bonding in water?

It contributes to water’s high heat specific capacity. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with arteries?

Valves to prevent backflow. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the tendinous chords in the heart?

To prevent atrioventricular valves from turning inside out. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of veins in the circulatory system?

To carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about capillaries is accurate?

They have a thin endothelium which is one cell thick. Signup and view all the answers

Which two components separate the atria from the ventricles in the heart?

Mitral and tricuspid valves. Signup and view all the answers

What prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart?

The septum. Signup and view all the answers

What feature of veins helps prevent blood from flowing backward?

Valves. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the surface area to volume ratio as the size of an organism increases?

It decreases. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT a feature of a mass transport system?

Increased diffusion distance Signup and view all the answers

How does water's polar nature benefit its role in biological systems?

It allows water to transport many biological molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hydrogen bonding in water molecules?

It creates cohesion and adhesion in water transport. Signup and view all the answers

What is created by the contraction of the heart during blood circulation?

A pressure gradient. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the behavior of water as a solvent?

It can dissolve various biological molecules due to its polarity. Signup and view all the answers

What is maintained by the elastic recoil of arteries in the circulatory system?

The pressure gradient and speed of blood flow. Signup and view all the answers

What will happen if diffusion becomes insufficient for an organism?

It will develop a mass transport system. Signup and view all the answers

What does a BMI value above 30 indicate?

The individual is obese Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following saccharides is a disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose?

Sucrose Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond forms between monosaccharides during the condensation reaction?

Glycosidic bond Signup and view all the answers

What health risk is indicated by a waist-to-hip ratio above 1?

Heart disease risk Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of anticoagulants in the treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

To reduce the risk of blood clots Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential side effect of statins?

Nausea and inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which monosaccharide is known as the main substrate for respiration?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What type of sugar is ribose classified as?

Monosaccharide Signup and view all the answers

How do beta blockers help in the treatment of hypertension?

By reducing the frequency and power of heart contractions Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide serves as the main energy storage molecule in animals?

Glycogen Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medication is primarily used to block the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II?

ACE inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the structure of polysaccharides?

Formed from many glucose molecules Signup and view all the answers

What common side effect is associated with the use of aspirin as a platelet inhibitor?

Stomach bleeding Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Transport of Substances

Larger organisms require a mass transport system to facilitate the movement of essential substances, as diffusion becomes insufficient due to the increased diffusion distance and decreased surface area to volume ratio.
Mass transport systems typically involve a network of vessels for movement, a fluid medium, controlled direction of substances, and mechanisms to maintain speed.

Water

Water is a polar solvent due to the uneven distribution of charge within the molecule.
Hydrogen bonding between water molecules contributes to cohesion and adhesion, facilitating efficient transport of water and dissolved substances.
Water's high heat capacity minimizes temperature fluctuations in living organisms, playing a crucial role in homeostasis.

Blood Vessels

Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood to body tissues (except the pulmonary artery). They have a small lumen to maintain high blood pressure, a thick layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers for contraction and relaxation, and a smooth inner lining to reduce resistance to blood flow.
Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs (except the pulmonary vein). They have a large lumen to minimize resistance, thinner layers of muscle and elastic fibers compared to arteries, and valves to prevent backflow.
Capillaries: Very small, with a narrow lumen and thin endothelium (one cell thick) to allow exchange of substances with surrounding cells.

Heart and Cardiac Cycle

The heart consists of four chambers (right and left atria, right and left ventricles) and four main blood vessels.
Atrioventricular valves (mitral or bicuspid) separate atria from ventricles, while semilunar valves (pulmonary/aortic) separate arteries from ventricles.
Tendinous chords prevent atrioventricular valves from turning inside out due to pressure.
The septum prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Coronary arteries supply blood to the cardiac muscle.

Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a multi-factorial condition with modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors.
Non-modifiable risk factors include genetics, age, and gender.
Modifiable risk factors include diet, high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, smoking, physical inactivity, and obesity.

Blood Clotting

Blood clotting, or thrombosis, is a crucial process that prevents blood loss, entry of microorganisms, and provides a framework for repair.

Energy Balance

Energy balance refers to the balance between calories consumed and calories burned through physical activity.
Weight loss occurs when more calories are burned than consumed, while weight gain occurs when more calories are consumed than burned.
BMI, which is calculated by dividing body mass in kilograms by height in meters squared, and waist-to-hip ratio are useful measures to assess weight status and health risks.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They include:
- Monosaccharides: Simple sugar monomers (e.g. glucose, ribose).
- Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides joined together (e.g. maltose, sucrose, lactose).
- Polysaccharides: Many monosaccharides joined together (e.g. glycogen).
Monosaccharides can form disaccharides and polysaccharides through condensation reactions, forming glycosidic bonds.

Treatment of CVD

Anticoagulants (e.g. warfarin): Reduce clot formation, but can lead to uncontrolled bleeding if not carefully monitored.
Statins: Reduce blood cholesterol levels by blocking the enzyme that produces cholesterol in the liver. Possible side effects include nausea, inflammation, diarrhea, and constipation.
Platelet inhibitors (e.g. aspirin): Make platelets less sticky, reducing the risk of blood clots and atheroma formation. Can cause stomach bleeding.
Antihypertensives: Reduce blood pressure. Included are:
- Beta blockers: Reduce heart contraction frequency and strength by blocking hormone responses. Can increase diabetes risk.
- Diuretics: Increase urine volume, lowering blood volume and pressure. Possible side effects include nausea, muscle cramps, and dizziness.
- ACE inhibitors: Block the conversion of angiotensin I to II, reducing arterial constriction. Side effects include dizziness, cough, and heart arrhythmia.

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Description

Explore the mechanisms behind the transport of essential substances in larger organisms. This quiz covers the mass transport systems, the properties of water, and the structure of blood vessels, focusing on their roles in maintaining homeostasis. Enhance your understanding of how these systems work together to support life.