Biology Chapter: Transport Mechanisms
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Questions and Answers

Which cube would be most efficient in exchanging materials with the environment based on surface area to volume ratios?

  • Cube #1
  • All cubes are equal in efficiency
  • Cube #3
  • Cube #2 (correct)

What role do villi of the small intestine play in metabolism?

  • Store energy
  • Site of gas exchange
  • Regulate enzyme activity
  • Increase surface area for nutrient absorption (correct)

What is the primary impact of high temperatures on enzyme activity?

  • Enzymes function without any inhibition
  • Enzymes increase substrate binding capacity
  • Enzymes become more efficient
  • Enzymes undergo denaturation (correct)

How does a competitive inhibitor affect enzyme function?

<p>Blocks the active site (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a catabolic process from an anabolic process?

<p>Building of molecules vs. breakdown of substances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is used as a reactant in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

<p>Water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inhibition does not affect enzyme activity when increasing substrate concentration?

<p>Noncompetitive inhibition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which product is produced during the light reaction of photosynthesis?

<p>Oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of RNA polymerase during transcription?

<p>To build mRNA from the DNA template. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during RNA processing in eukaryotes?

<p>A 5' cap and poly A tail are added to pre-mRNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately differentiates prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription?

<p>Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cytoplasm without RNA processing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the mRNA sequence and the amino acid sequence?

<p>Each three bases of mRNA code for a specific amino acid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a spliceosome during RNA processing?

<p>To remove introns from pre-mRNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during the light independent reaction of photosynthesis?

<p>Glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does water play in photosynthesis?

<p>Splits to replenish electrons for the electron transport chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the light reactions of photosynthesis contribute to the Calvin Cycle?

<p>By supplying ATP and NADPH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of glycolysis?

<p>Pyruvate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>Use of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis to produce ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for fermentation in anaerobic organisms?

<p>To regenerate NAD+ for continued glycolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the mitochondria does the Krebs Cycle occur?

<p>Matrix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

<p>Oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does dehydration synthesis involve?

<p>Removal of a water molecule to form covalent bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes primary protein structure?

<p>Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is associated with the function of the mitochondria?

<p>Highly folded inner membrane (cristae) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of lysosomes?

<p>Digestion of macromolecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an amphipathic molecule?

<p>It exhibits both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of the cell membrane?

<p>Lipids and proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is created by hydrogen bonding in secondary protein structure?

<p>Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes phospholipids?

<p>Amphipathic compounds with both polar and nonpolar regions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi bodies in a cell?

<p>Modification and packaging of molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the rough endoplasmic reticulum contribute to protein processing?

<p>It synthesizes proteins, which are then transported in vesicles to the Golgi. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organisms are characterized by having membrane-bound organelles?

<p>Eukaryotes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory?

<p>Both organelles have their own ribosomes similar to bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the vacuole play in a cell?

<p>It maintains water balance and stores nutrients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the structure of a chloroplast?

<p>Two membranes and a series of flattened sacs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes eukaryotic DNA from prokaryotic DNA?

<p>Eukaryotic DNA is linear and organized with histones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?

<p>Synthesize proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of water is demonstrated by water molecules bonding to other water molecules?

<p>Cohesion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the density of solid water compared to liquid water?

<p>Solid water is less dense than liquid water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the plant height experiment, which group is considered the experimental group?

<p>Both groups with 0.2% and 0.4% fertilizer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dependent variable in the plant height experiment?

<p>Mean Height of the Plants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group showed the highest mean height of plants after one generation?

<p>Group III (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the null hypothesis for the plant height experiment?

<p>There is no statistical difference between the mean heights of the groups. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of water allows it to act as an excellent solvent for many substances?

<p>Polarity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is being tested when comparing the heights of plants in different fertilizer concentration groups?

<p>The relationship between fertilizer concentration and plant height. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Carbohydrate

A molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in a ratio of 1:2:1 (CH2O)n, and serves as a primary energy source for living organisms.

Lipid

A molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but with a higher proportion of hydrogen compared to carbohydrates. They serve as long-term energy storage, insulation, and structural components of cells.

Protein

A large molecule composed of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds. Proteins play crucial roles in structure, function, and regulation of cells and organisms.

Nucleic Acid

A molecule composed of nucleotides, each containing a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. They serve as carriers of genetic information and play vital roles in protein synthesis.

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Dehydration Synthesis

The process of joining two molecules together by removing a water molecule (H2O). This process forms a covalent bond between the two molecules.

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Hydrolysis

The process of breaking a bond between two molecules by adding a water molecule (H2O). This process breaks the covalent bond holding the two molecules together.

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Amphipathic

A molecule with both hydrophobic (water-repelling) and hydrophilic (water-attracting) properties. This unique characteristic allows them to form structures like cell membranes.

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Phospholipid

The primary structural component of cell membranes, composed of a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails. Their amphipathic nature forms a bilayer that regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell.

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A network of interconnected membranes involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification, lacking ribosomes.

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Chloroplasts

Double-membraned organelles responsible for photosynthesis.

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Golgi Apparatus

A series of flattened sacs that modify and package molecules for export or use within the cell.

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Vacuole

A large vesicle responsible for water balance, nutrient storage, and waste disposal.

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Endosymbiotic Theory

The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by larger cells.

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Prokaryotic DNA

Circular DNA found in prokaryotes.

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Eukaryotic DNA

Linear DNA found in eukaryotes, organized into chromosomes.

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Ribosome

A membrane-bound organelle responsible for protein synthesis.

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Surface Area to Volume Ratio

The ratio of a cell's surface area to its volume. A higher ratio indicates a greater efficiency in exchanging materials with the environment.

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Villi

Structures that increase the surface area of the small intestine to allow for more efficient absorption of nutrients.

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Root Hairs

Hair-like structures that extend from the roots of plants, increasing the surface area for water absorption.

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Cristae

The folds within the mitochondria that increase surface area for cellular respiration.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs that increase surface area for efficient gas exchange.

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Enzyme

Biological catalysts made of protein that accelerate chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

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Enzyme Denaturation

The process of enzymes losing their shape and function due to high temperatures.

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Competitive Inhibition

A type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor binds to the active site, preventing the substrate from binding.

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Photosynthesis

The process where plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (sugar) and oxygen.

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Calvin Cycle

A series of reactions that occur in the stroma of chloroplasts, using ATP and NADPH from light reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

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Photolysis of Water

The splitting of water molecules during photosynthesis, releasing electrons, protons, and oxygen.

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Light-Dependent Reactions

The series of reactions involving the transfer of electrons and protons, ultimately producing ATP. It's powered by the energy from light absorbed by chlorophyll.

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Cellular Respiration

The process that converts chemical energy from glucose into ATP, the primary energy source for cells. It occurs in the mitochondria.

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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

The process where electrons move down a chain releasing energy to power the pumping of protons across a membrane. This creates a proton gradient used to generate ATP.

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Chemiosmosis

The movement of protons across a membrane down their concentration gradient, providing the energy to produce ATP.

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Glycolysis

The initial step in cellular respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm, breaking down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

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Cohesion of Water

The ability of water molecules to stick to other water molecules due to the hydrogen bonds between them.

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Adhesion of Water

The ability of water molecules to stick to other polar or charged molecules, like those found in cell walls or the inside of a plant’s xylem.

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Specific Heat of Water

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. Water has a high specific heat, which allows it to moderate temperature changes.

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Water as a Solvent

Water is a universal solvent because it can dissolve many substances due to its polarity, allowing for important biological reactions to take place.

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Surface Tension of Water

Water molecules at the surface create a strong cohesive force, allowing certain insects to walk on water.

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Density of Ice vs. Water

The hydrogen bonds between water molecules form a more open lattice structure in ice than liquid water, making it less dense.

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Null Hypothesis

The statement that there is no statistical difference between the means of the samples.

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Control Group

The group in an experiment that does not receive any treatment or the standard treatment, used for comparison.

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What is transcription?

The process of copying genetic information from DNA to RNA, using RNA polymerase and base pairing rules (A with U, C with G, G with C, and T with A).

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Describe the lagging strand during DNA replication.

A lagging strand is synthesized in fragments (Okazaki Fragments) in the 5’ to 3’ direction, requiring DNA ligase to join the fragments together.

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What is translation?

The process of translating genetic information from mRNA to an amino acid sequence, using ribosomes and tRNA, to build proteins.

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What are introns and exons in RNA processing?

Introns are non-coding regions of RNA that are removed from the pre-mRNA by the spliceosome, leaving only exons, which are coding regions that are spliced together to form mature mRNA.

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How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription differ?

RNA processing occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotes, involving the addition of a 5' cap and a poly-A tail, and the splicing out of introns. In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm, and there's no RNA processing required.

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Study Notes

Passive vs. Active Transport

  • Passive transport includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. These processes move substances down their concentration gradient, meaning from high to low concentration, and do not require energy (ATP).
  • Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).

Membrane Proteins

  • Some membrane proteins act as channel proteins or carrier proteins.
  • Channel proteins allow polar or charged molecules to pass through the phospholipid bilayer.
  • Carrier proteins also facilitate the movement of these molecules.
  • Glucose and ions often require carrier proteins.

Red Blood Cell Solutions

  • Hypotonic Solution (100% distilled water): Water moves into the red blood cells, causing them to swell and potentially burst.
  • Isotonic Solution (.9% NaCl): Water moves into and out of the cells at equal rates, maintaining cell size.
  • Hypertonic Solution (90% water, 10% salt): Water moves out of the red blood cells, causing them to shrink.

Concentration Changes (Diagram)

  • Starch concentration remains the same.
  • Glucose concentration decreases.
  • Iodine concentration increases.
  • Water concentration increases.

Sweet Potato Mass Changes

  • Students performed an experiment to investigate the effect of sucrose solutions on sweet potato cubes.
  • Results were recorded in terms of change in mass.
  • Different sucrose concentrations were investigated.

Water Potential

  • Students measured the water potential of sweet potato cubes. Numerical values are likely needed for a complete interpretation.

Organic Compounds

  • Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Their function is to provide energy and structural components.
  • Lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Their function is to store energy and form cell membranes.
  • Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. Their function is diverse, acting as structural components, enzymes, and more.
  • Nucleic acids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Their function includes storing genetic information.

Protein Structure

  • Primary: The specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
  • Secondary: Alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets formed by hydrogen bonding between amino acids.
  • Tertiary: The three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide chain, formed by interactions between R groups of amino acids.
  • Quaternary: The structure formed by the interaction of multiple polypeptide chains.

Phospholipids

  • A type of lipid that is a primary component of cell membranes.
  • They have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.
  • They align in two layers to form a bilayer.

Organelles (Structure & Function)

  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Interconnected membranes with ribosomes attached, involved in protein synthesis.
  • Mitochondria: Outer and inner membranes, including cristae, involved in cellular respiration and energy production.
  • Lysosomes: Vesicles containing enzymes, used for breaking down molecules.

Photosynthesis (equation, reactants)

  • 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
  • Reactants are carbon dioxide and water.
  • Products are glucose and oxygen.
  • Light-dependent reaction uses water.
  • Light-independent reaction uses carbon dioxide.
  • Reactant used by the light-independent reaction (Calvin Cycle): carbon dioxide.

Photosynthesis: Light Reactants/Products

  • Products of light reaction: Oxygen
  • Product produced in the light-independent reaction (Calvin Cycle): Glucose

Photosynthesis Role of Water

  • Water is essential for the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis.
  • The splitting or oxidation of water produces oxygen and supplies electrons to the electron transport chain.
  • This process contributes to a proton gradient used to generate ATP during chemiosmosis.

Chemiosmosis (General Role)

  • Chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplasts uses a proton gradient to generate ATP.

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

  • The process of breaking down glucose to release energy (ATP) in the presence of oxygen.

Electron Transport Chain

  • The electron transport chain (ETC) in mitochondria is crucial in oxidative phosphorylation.
  • Electrons from glucose, through protein complexes, generate a proton gradient.
  • This gradient drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.

Aerobic Respiration Steps

  • Glycolysis: Glucose breakdown to produce pyruvate, ATP, and NADH.
  • Pyruvate Oxidation: Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, releasing CO2 and producing NADH.
  • Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Acetyl CoA is further oxidized, producing ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC & Chemiosmosis): Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are used to generate a proton gradient, which drives ATP synthesis and produces water.

Fermentation

  • A metabolic process used by anaerobic organisms when oxygen is not available to regenerate NAD+ from NADH, continuing glycolysis.

Water Properties

  • Water is a polar molecule due to unequal electron sharing.
  • Hydrogen bonding allows cohesion and adhesion.
  • High specific heat and excellent solvent make water essential for life.

Fertilizer Experiment

  • Students investigated the effects of fertilizer concentrations on plant height. The null is likely going to be of no effect or that there is no statistical difference in height.
  • Independent variable is fertilizer concentration.
  • Dependent variable is plant height.

DNA Replication, Transcription, Translation

  • All these details are best for each studied case by themselves in a structured way.

Endosymbiotic Theory

  • The theory suggesting that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by other cells.

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Description

This quiz covers the concepts of passive and active transport in biology, focusing on mechanisms such as diffusion and the role of membrane proteins. It also explores the effects of different solutions on red blood cells, including hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic conditions. Test your understanding of these critical cell biology concepts.

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