Biology Chapter: Sugars and Proteins
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of glycogen in animals?

  • To store energy for later use (correct)
  • To transport oxygen throughout the body
  • To provide structural support for cell walls
  • To act as a building block for proteins

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a lipid?

  • They are hydrophobic
  • They can be used for energy storage
  • They are made up of long chains of amino acids (correct)
  • They can form cell membranes

    • What is the main difference between starch and cellulose, both of which are polysaccharides made of glucose?

  • Starch has a branched structure, while cellulose has a linear structure (correct)
  • Starch is used for energy storage in animals, while cellulose is used in plants
  • Starch is a protein, while cellulose is a lipid
  • Starch is made of fructose, while cellulose is made of glucose

    • Which of the following best describes the primary structure of a protein?

    <p>The sequence of amino acids in the protein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of amino acids?

    <p>They have a hydrophobic nature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following macromolecules is responsible for storing genetic information?

    <p>Nucleic acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process that causes a protein to lose its shape and function?

    <p>Denaturation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of lipid?

    <p>Chitin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?

    <p>Amino acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is TRUE about the structure of DNA?

    <p>The two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the organelle that is responsible for protein synthesis?

    <p>Ribosome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport requires energy?

    <p>Active transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution?

    <p>The cell will shrink. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organelles are present in plant cells but NOT in animal cells?

    <p>Chloroplasts, cell walls, and central vacuoles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?

    <p>To transport sodium ions out of and potassium ions into the cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of passive transport?

    <p>Active transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between rough and smooth ER?

    <p>Rough ER has ribosomes, while smooth ER does not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Disaccharide

    A sugar made of two simple sugars.

    Amino acids

    The building blocks of proteins, there are 20 different types.

    Polypeptide

    A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

    Cellulose

    A tough carbohydrate in plant cell walls for structure.

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    Glycogen

    A sugar storage molecule in animals, made of glucose units.

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    Hydrophobic

    Describes substances that repel water.

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    Primary structure

    The order of amino acids in a protein chain.

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    Denature

    When a protein loses its shape and function due to external factors.

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    Primary Structure of Protein

    The sequence of amino acids in a protein that determines its shape and function.

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    Effects of amino acid changes

    Changing the amino acid sequence can alter a protein's function or stop it from working.

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    Secondary Protein Structure

    The local folded structures in a protein, such as alpha helices and beta sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds.

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    Tertiary Structure

    The overall 3D shape of a protein formed by interactions between R groups of amino acids.

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    Quaternary Structure

    The structure formed when multiple polypeptide chains come together to function as a single protein.

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    Protein Denaturation

    The process where proteins lose their shape due to factors like heat or pH changes, leading to loss of function.

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    Nucleotide Components

    Nucleotides consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base.

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    Antiparallel DNA Strands

    In DNA, the two strands run in opposite directions to allow base pairing.

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    Cell Organelles in Animals

    Lysosomes and centrioles are examples of organelles found in animal cells but not in plant cells.

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    Active vs Passive Transport

    Active transport requires energy to move molecules against the concentration gradient, while passive transport does not.

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    Study Notes

    Simple Sugars and Polymers

    • Monosaccharides: Simple sugars, like glucose.
    • Disaccharides: Sugars formed from two monosaccharides.
    • Polysaccharides: Long chains of monosaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen).
    • Glycogen: Animal energy storage.
    • Starch: Plant energy storage.
    • Cellulose: Plant cell wall component, strong carbohydrate.
    • Monomer: A small molecule that joins to form a larger molecule (polymer).
    • Polymer: A large molecule formed from many repeating smaller units (monomers).
    • Glycosidic linkage: Bond connecting sugar molecules.

    Protein Structure and Function

    • Amino acids: The building blocks of proteins, with 20 different types.
    • Polypeptide: A chain of amino acids.
    • Primary structure: The sequence of amino acids.
    • Secondary structure: Folding patterns (alpha helix or beta sheet) due to hydrogen bonds.
    • Tertiary structure: The overall 3D shape of the protein, formed by interactions between R groups.
    • Quaternary structure: Multiple polypeptide chains interacting.
    • Hydrophobic: Water-repelling.
    • Hydrophilic: Water-attracting.
    • Denature: When a protein loses its shape and function due to environmental factors (heat, pH, chemicals).
    • R group: determines how the protein folds and interacts, influencing properties.

    Lipids

    • Lipid: Fats and certain oils that do not mix with water.
    • Fatty acid: A long carbon chain component of lipids.
    • Fat: A type of lipid used for energy storage.
    • Phospholipid: A lipid that forms cell membranes.
    • Steroid: Lipids with a ring structure, (example, hormones).

    Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

    • DNA: Molecule that stores genetic information.
    • RNA: Molecule that helps make proteins.
    • Nucleotide: Building block of DNA and RNA; composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.
    • Nucleoside: nucleotide without the phosphate group.
    • Antiparallel: DNA strands that run in opposite directions (5' to 3' on one, and 3' to 5' on the other strand)
    • Nitrogenous bases:
    • Purines (Adenine, Guanine)
    • Pyrimidines (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil)

    Cell Structures and Organelles

    • Prokaryotic cell: Simple cell without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria).
    • Eukaryotic cell: Complex cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., plants, animals).
    • Ribosomes: Organelles that build proteins.
    • Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER): ER with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and modification.
    • Smooth ER: ER without ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis.
    • Golgi apparatus: Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
    • Lysosomes: Organelles that contain digestive enzymes.
    • Centrioles: Organelles involved in cell division.
    • Chloroplasts: Organelles for photosynthesis.
    • Central vacuole: Large fluid-filled sac within plant cells, maintaining turgor pressure.
    • Cell wall: Rigid outer layer of plant cells.

    Cell Transport

    • Passive transport: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy.
    • Active transport: Movement of molecules from low to high concentration requiring energy (ATP).
    • Facilitated diffusion: Passive transport assisted by transport proteins.
    • Channel proteins: Transport proteins that form channels.
    • Carrier proteins: Transport proteins that change shape to move molecules.
    • Osmosis: The diffusion of water across a membrane.

    Osmosis and Tonicity

    • Hypertonic: Solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell, water exits the cell. (Cell shrinks)
    • Isotonic: Solution has an equal solute concentration to the cell, no net water movement. (Cell stays the same)
    • Hypotonic: Solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell, water enters the cell. (Animal cells burst, plant cells become turgid)

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of carbohydrates and proteins in this quiz. Test your understanding of simple sugars, their polymers, and protein structure and function. Dive into topics such as monosaccharides, glycosidic linkages, and amino acid chains.

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