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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the human body?
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the human body?
Which of the following is a defining feature of prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following is a defining feature of prokaryotic cells?
Which type of cell contains organelles such as mitochondria and Golgi apparatus?
Which type of cell contains organelles such as mitochondria and Golgi apparatus?
What process describes the movement of molecules across the cell membrane without the use of energy?
What process describes the movement of molecules across the cell membrane without the use of energy?
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What are the monomers of proteins?
What are the monomers of proteins?
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Which of the following organelles is unique to plant cells?
Which of the following organelles is unique to plant cells?
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What is the main purpose of nucleic acids in living organisms?
What is the main purpose of nucleic acids in living organisms?
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Which statement correctly describes lipids?
Which statement correctly describes lipids?
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What percentage of the energy available to producers is available to rabbits in the second trophic level?
What percentage of the energy available to producers is available to rabbits in the second trophic level?
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In a biomass pyramid, which trophic level contains the most biomass?
In a biomass pyramid, which trophic level contains the most biomass?
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What characterizes secondary succession?
What characterizes secondary succession?
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Which process in the nitrogen cycle is primarily responsible for converting atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for living organisms?
Which process in the nitrogen cycle is primarily responsible for converting atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for living organisms?
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Which type of interaction occurs when one species benefits while the other remains unaffected?
Which type of interaction occurs when one species benefits while the other remains unaffected?
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What type of limiting factor includes catastrophic events like floods and fires?
What type of limiting factor includes catastrophic events like floods and fires?
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What type of ecological graph visually represents the number of individuals at each trophic level?
What type of ecological graph visually represents the number of individuals at each trophic level?
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Which cycle is primarily concerned with the transfer of water in the ecosystem?
Which cycle is primarily concerned with the transfer of water in the ecosystem?
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Which of the following describes mutualism?
Which of the following describes mutualism?
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What defines a non-renewable resource?
What defines a non-renewable resource?
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Which type of cell division results in the production of haploid gametes?
Which type of cell division results in the production of haploid gametes?
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What is a key characteristic of stem cells?
What is a key characteristic of stem cells?
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The process of DNA replication produces how many identical copies of DNA?
The process of DNA replication produces how many identical copies of DNA?
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Which of the following best describes the Law of Segregation?
Which of the following best describes the Law of Segregation?
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What type of inheritance is described when neither allele is dominant, resulting in a phenotype that is a blend of both traits?
What type of inheritance is described when neither allele is dominant, resulting in a phenotype that is a blend of both traits?
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Which of the following is a condition that may lead to cancer?
Which of the following is a condition that may lead to cancer?
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Which nucleic acid is responsible for carrying amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis?
Which nucleic acid is responsible for carrying amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis?
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Which of the following correctly describes binary fission?
Which of the following correctly describes binary fission?
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What term describes the organized levels of structure in multicellular organisms?
What term describes the organized levels of structure in multicellular organisms?
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The correct sequence of events in transcription involves which of the following?
The correct sequence of events in transcription involves which of the following?
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Which of the following statements is true about the number of divisions in meiosis?
Which of the following statements is true about the number of divisions in meiosis?
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What is a defining factor of eukaryotic reproduction compared to prokaryotic reproduction?
What is a defining factor of eukaryotic reproduction compared to prokaryotic reproduction?
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Which of the following represents homozygous recessive genotype?
Which of the following represents homozygous recessive genotype?
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What type of mutation results from a nucleotide insertion or deletion?
What type of mutation results from a nucleotide insertion or deletion?
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Which of these structures are considered homologous?
Which of these structures are considered homologous?
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What is required for allele frequencies to remain constant in a population?
What is required for allele frequencies to remain constant in a population?
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Which principle states that organisms most fit for their environment will survive?
Which principle states that organisms most fit for their environment will survive?
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Which type of evolution occurs when two species evolve in response to one another?
Which type of evolution occurs when two species evolve in response to one another?
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What is the primary source of energy for autotrophs in an ecosystem?
What is the primary source of energy for autotrophs in an ecosystem?
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What is the result of natural selection acting on a population over time?
What is the result of natural selection acting on a population over time?
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What does the term 'gene flow' refer to in population genetics?
What does the term 'gene flow' refer to in population genetics?
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Which of these describes the first trophic level in an ecosystem?
Which of these describes the first trophic level in an ecosystem?
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What type of cell mutation will be passed to offspring since it occurs in reproductive cells?
What type of cell mutation will be passed to offspring since it occurs in reproductive cells?
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Which process leads to similar ecological roles evolving independently in unrelated species?
Which process leads to similar ecological roles evolving independently in unrelated species?
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What factor influences energy transfer between trophic levels, resulting in a 90% loss of energy?
What factor influences energy transfer between trophic levels, resulting in a 90% loss of energy?
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Which of the following is an example of adaptive radiation?
Which of the following is an example of adaptive radiation?
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What is the study of the fossil records known as?
What is the study of the fossil records known as?
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What type of transport involves the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached?
What type of transport involves the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached?
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In which solution type does water enter the cell, potentially causing rupture in an animal cell?
In which solution type does water enter the cell, potentially causing rupture in an animal cell?
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What is the primary function of ATP in cells?
What is the primary function of ATP in cells?
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Which process occurs in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast?
Which process occurs in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast?
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What is the outcome of glycolysis?
What is the outcome of glycolysis?
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What term describes the process of moving large molecules into the cell that cannot pass through the membrane via facilitated diffusion?
What term describes the process of moving large molecules into the cell that cannot pass through the membrane via facilitated diffusion?
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During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place?
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place?
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What type of cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells in eukaryotic organisms?
What type of cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells in eukaryotic organisms?
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What is produced during the Krebs cycle that is crucial for the electron transport chain?
What is produced during the Krebs cycle that is crucial for the electron transport chain?
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Which statement about isotonic solutions is correct?
Which statement about isotonic solutions is correct?
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What molecule is produced during fermentation in muscle cells when oxygen is not present?
What molecule is produced during fermentation in muscle cells when oxygen is not present?
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Which transport mechanism requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient?
Which transport mechanism requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient?
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What is the purpose of the sodium-potassium pump?
What is the purpose of the sodium-potassium pump?
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Which of the following describes a hypertonic solution?
Which of the following describes a hypertonic solution?
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Study Notes
Scientific Inquiry
- Components of a well-designed experiment include:
- Control group: A baseline for comparison.
- Experimental group: The group subjected to the variable being tested.
- Independent variable: The factor being manipulated.
- Dependent variable: The factor being measured.
- Constant (controlled variable): Factors kept the same in both groups.
- Interpret graphs and charts are vital.
Life Molecules (Macromolecules/Polymers)
- Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides (single sugars like glucose); short-term energy supply.
- Proteins: Amino acids; structural components, transport, enzymes, and energy source (when needed).
- Lipids (Fats): Fatty acids and glycerol; insulation, hormones, long-term energy storage, cell membranes.
- Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides; DNA, RNA, ATP (energy currency).
Cell Structure and Function
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
- Prokaryotes: Single-celled, no membrane-bound organelles, no nucleus (bacteria).
- Eukaryotes: Single or multi-celled, nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, animals).
Plant vs. Animal Cells (both eukaryotic)
- Similarities: Nucleus, nucleolus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nuclear envelope, lysosomes, ER, Golgi, mitochondria, ribosomes, microtubules, cytoskeleton.
- Animal cells only: Centrioles.
- Plant cells only: Cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole.
Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes
Passive Transport (no energy required)
- Diffusion: Movement from high to low concentration until equilibrium. (oxygen, carbon dioxide).
- Facilitated diffusion: Diffusion with help from transport proteins. (glucose, large molecules).
- Osmosis: Water diffuses across the membrane. (water).
Osmotic Responses
- Hypertonic: Solution has higher solute concentration than cell; water leaves the cell (cell shrinkage).
- Hypotonic: Solution has lower solute concentration than cell; water enters the cell (possible cell rupture in animal cells, no rupture in plants due to cell wall).
- Isotonic: Solution has equal solute concentration; water enters and leaves freely.
Active Transport (energy required)
- Endocytosis: Molecules enter the cell in vesicles. (food, liquids, bacteria).
- Exocytosis: Molecules exit the cell in vesicles. (cell products, waste).
- Sodium-Potassium Pump: Transport protein moves sodium and potassium against their concentration gradients.
- Contractile Vacuole: Pumps water out in single-celled organisms.
Cell Theory
- All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- Cells are the basic unit of structure and function.
- Cells come from pre-existing cells.
Energy and Cells
- ATP: Primary energy carrier in cells (adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups). Energy stored in 2nd and 3rd phosphate bond; broken to release energy
- ATP can be remade and used
Photosynthesis
- Endothermic process (light needed to build) where autotrophs make glucose.
- Takes place in chloroplasts. 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O2
- Two stages: Light-dependent reactions (thylakoid membrane), light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle, stroma)
Cellular Respiration
- Exothermic process (breakdown releases energy) where autotrophs and heterotrophs break down food molecules and release stored energy.
- Takes place in the mitochondria. C6H12O6+ 6O2 →6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
- Stages: Glycolysis (cytoplasm), Krebs Cycle (mitochondrial matrix), Electron Transport Chain (inner mitochondrial membrane).
- Aerobic pathways require oxygen and anaerobic pathways do not.
- Fermentation is an anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue when oxygen is scarce.
Cell Cycle
- Series of events in a cell's life.
- Interphase (G1, S, G2)
- Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis)
Cell Reproduction
- Binary Fission: Asexual reproduction in prokaryotes.
- Mitosis: Asexual reproduction in eukaryotic body cells (growth, repair).
- Meiosis: Sexual reproduction in eukaryotic germ cells to create gametes (sperm and egg).
Cell Cycle Regulation
- External factors: Hormones, cell-to-cell contact
- Internal factors: Cyclins, kinases
- Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division (damaged genes leading to mutations).
Multicellular Organization
- Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms.
Stem Cells
- Undifferentiated cells that can develop into many cell types.
- Embryonic: Found in early development, become any cell type.
- Adult: Partially differentiated, can become several cell types.
Genetics
Mendel's Laws
- Segregation: Organisms inherit two copies of each gene and donate one copy per gamete.
- Independent Assortment: Allele pairs separate independently in gametes (in most cases).
Genotypes, Phenotypes, and Punnett Squares
- Genotypes (e.g., TT, Tt, tt): Genetic makeup.
- Phenotypes (e.g., hair color): Physical characteristics.
- Punnett squares: Predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes. Use Punnett squares for monohybrid and dihybrid crosses
Types of Inheritance
- Dominant/Recessive: One allele masks another (e.g., freckles).
- Codominance: Both alleles are expressed. (e.g., red and white fur in a heterozygous cow).
- Incomplete dominance: Heterozygous phenotype is intermediate (e.g., pink flowers).
- Multiple alleles: (e.g., human blood types).
- Sex-linked: Traits carried on sex chromosomes (X chromosome).
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
- Genes are located on chromosomes, and chromosome behavior during meiosis explains inheritance patterns.
Pedigrees
- Charts to track traits through generations.
Nucleic Acids
- DNA: Double-stranded, double helix (adenine-thymine, guanine-cytosine).
- Replication: Copying of DNA.
- RNA: Single-stranded (adenine-uracil, guanine-cytosine).
- Types: mRNA (carries genetic message), tRNA (carries amino acids), rRNA (part of ribosomes).
- Transcription: Copying a gene to mRNA.
- Translation: mRNA's message into a protein.
- Amino Acid Chart: Used to translate codons to amino acids.
- Mutations: Changes in DNA sequence, gene mutation example: substation or frameshift, and chromosomal mutation, affect proteins. Somatic and germ cells mutations.
Evolution
- Natural Selection: Fittest organisms survive and reproduce, creating genetic change in populations over time. Fittest for the environment reproduce.
- Microevolution: Species changes within.
- Macroevolution: Species changes over long periods—new species formation
- Evidence for Evolution: Paleontology (fossils); Biochemistry (DNA/protein similarities); Embryology (embryo similarities); Comparative Anatomy (homologous structures).
- Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: Allele frequencies stay the same unless disturbed by outside forces (mutations, migration, non-random mating, natural selection, or small population size).
Ecology
- Levels of Organization: Organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biosphere.
- Energy Flow: Sun → Autotrophs → Heterotrophs
- Trophic Levels: Producers, herbivores, carnivores.
- Ecological Pyramids: Models illustrating energy/numbers/biomass distribution. Only 10% of the energy available to one tropic level is available to the next.
- Food Chains/Webs: Show feeding interactions within an ecosystem.
- Biogeochemical Cycles: (Carbon, Water, Nitrogen).
- Succession: Sequential development of an ecosystem (primary and secondary).
- Community Interactions: Predation, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism, competition.
- Population Dynamics: Population size, density, limiting factors (density-dependent/independent), predator-prey relationships
- Environmental Science: Natural processes (biogeochemical cycles and greenhouse effect), impact of human activities (renewable vs. non-renewable resources).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the components of scientific inquiry, including experimental design and the interpretation of graphs. Dive into macromolecules, exploring carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as their roles in living organisms. Understand the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in this comprehensive biology quiz.
