Biology Chapter: Reproduction and DNA
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Questions and Answers

What process involves the emergence of small outgrowths called 'buds' from the parent organism?

  • Budding (correct)
  • Layering
  • Vegetative Propagation
  • Grafting

Which of the following is NOT a method of artificial plant propagation?

  • Layering
  • Tissue Culture
  • Cutting
  • Budding (correct)

During vegetative propagation, new plants are typically obtained from which part of the existing plant?

  • Roots
  • Flowers
  • Leaves
  • Portions of the plant without reproductive structures (correct)

What is one of the primary advantages of artificial plant propagation?

<p>New plants inherit characteristics of the parent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of grafting?

<p>Joining the stems of two plants to grow as one (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is specifically mentioned as reproducing asexually through budding?

<p>Yeast (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes tissue culture as a propagation technique?

<p>It enables rapid plant growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which method is a plant part bent toward the ground and covered with soil to encourage growth?

<p>Layering (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of tissue culture in plants?

<p>It allows for the growth of plants in less time and space. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biological process is characterized by the reconstruction of an organism from a specific body part?

<p>Regeneration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is regeneration less viable in complex multicellular organisms compared to simpler organisms?

<p>They have more intricate body structures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are spores in the context of plant reproduction?

<p>Microscopic reproductive units that can generate new plants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes binary fission from fragmentation in reproduction?

<p>Binary fission produces two daughter cells, while fragmentation divides a body into parts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the fusion of a male and female gamete?

<p>Development of a zygote. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the difference between amoeba and Plasmodium reproduction?

<p>Amoeba undergoes binary fission while Plasmodium uses multiple fission. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes vegetative propagation?

<p>A technique for replicating plants that do not produce viable seeds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the anther in a flower?

<p>To produce pollen grains (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the carpel is primarily responsible for receiving pollen grains during pollination?

<p>Stigma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs immediately after pollination in flowering plants?

<p>Fertilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of flowers are both male and female reproductive organs present?

<p>Bisexual flowers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the swollen part of the carpel that contains ovules?

<p>Ovary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves pollen being transferred from the stamen of one flower to the stigma of another flower?

<p>Cross-pollination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What grows from the pollen grains after they land on a suitable stigma?

<p>A pollen tube (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ovule after fertilization in flowering plants?

<p>It transforms into a seed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the uterus?

<p>To facilitate the growth and development of the fetus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the fertilization process?

<p>Sperm enters the ovum, forming a zygote (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the embedding of the embryo into the uterine lining?

<p>Implantation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the placenta play during pregnancy?

<p>It provides nutrients and oxygen to the embryo (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often does menstruation typically occur in women?

<p>Every month (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the uterine lining if the released egg is not fertilized?

<p>It breaks down and is expelled (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process precedes childbirth?

<p>Strong rhythmic muscular contractions in the uterus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of contraception or birth control?

<p>To prevent pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is X in the process described?

<p>Callus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique has the scientist used for plant propagation?

<p>Tissue culture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the reproductive parts of angiosperms located?

<p>In the flower (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the flower contains the germ cells?

<p>Stamens (A), Pistils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a unisexual flower?

<p>Papaya (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the advantages of using tissue culture for propagation?

<p>It can produce many plants from a single cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a reproductive part of a flower?

<p>Root (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key component is provided in the medium for cell culture development?

<p>Plant hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic differentiates plant P from plant Q?

<p>Plant P has bisexual flowers, while plant Q has unisexual flowers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly identifies plants P and Q?

<p>P - Pea, Q - Cucurbit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can self-pollination in plant P be effectively avoided?

<p>By removing all the anthers of all the flowers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic event in reproduction for plant P despite emasculation?

<p>Creation of DNA is assured. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does plant Q require a pollinating agent?

<p>Plant Q’s flowers are only opened after the pollination of female flowers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for inheritance in plants?

<p>DNA molecules stored in the cell nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the features of plant Q is true?

<p>Plant Q's flowers can cross-pollinate or self-pollinate based on the genus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can altering the DNA information within a plant lead to?

<p>Different proteins being synthesized leading to altered body designs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Budding

A type of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from an outgrowth or "bud" on the parent organism.

Vegetative propagation

Producing new plants from parts of an existing plant, not through seeds or spores.

Artificial propagation

Using human-made methods to reproduce plants.

Cutting

A method of artificial propagation where a small piece of a plant is cut and planted to grow a new plant.

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Layering

A method of artificial propagation where a part of a plant stem is bent and covered in soil to develop roots before being separated from the parent plant.

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Grafting

Joining parts of two plants to grow as a single plant.

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Tissue culture

Producing new plants from a small piece of plant tissue or cells in a lab setting.

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Advantages of Artificial Plant Propagation

Ensuring desired characteristics, requiring less care, and increasing efficiency in plant reproduction.

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Tissue Culture

A method of growing plants from small tissue samples, producing many plants quickly and efficiently.

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Regeneration

Reconstruction of an organism from a part of its body.

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Complex Multicellular Organisms

Organisms with many cells organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems.

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Spore Formation

A method of reproduction in plants where the plant produces tiny reproductive units called spores.

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Binary Fission

A type of cell division where one cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

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Fragmentation

A type of asexual reproduction used by multicellular organisms where the organism breaks into multiple parts, each of which develops into a new organism.

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Sexual Reproduction

Reproduction involving the union of male and female sex cells (gametes) to create a zygote.

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Gametes

Specialized reproductive cells (sperm and egg) involved in sexual reproduction.

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Angiosperms

Flowering plants with seeds enclosed in fruits.

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Bisexual flower

Flower with both male and female reproductive parts.

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Stamen

Male reproductive part of a flower, containing the anther.

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Pollination

Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.

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Self-pollination

Pollen transferred within the same flower.

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Carpel

Female reproductive part of a flower with stigma, style, ovary.

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Fertilization

Fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

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Seed

The ovule after fertilization, containing the embryo and food.

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Uterus function

The hollow, pear-shaped organ where a fetus grows and develops.

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Vagina function

The birth canal and the passageway for sperm.

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Cervix role

The narrow part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.

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Fertilization

The fusion of a sperm and ovum to form a zygote.

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Implantation

The process where the embryo attaches to the uterine wall.

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Placenta function

The organ that provides nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.

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Menstruation cause

The shedding of the uterine lining if the egg isn't fertilized.

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Birth control methods

Methods used to prevent pregnancy.

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Bisexual Flower

A flower with both male and female reproductive parts.

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Unisexual Flower

A flower that has either only male or only female reproductive parts.

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Pollinating Agent

Something that moves pollen from the male to the female parts of a flower.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid; the molecule that carries genetic information in a cell.

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Inheritance of Features

Passing traits from parents to offspring.

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Self-Pollination

Pollen from a flower fertilizes the same flower or another flower on the same plant.

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Cross-Pollination

Pollen from one flower fertilizes another flower on a different plant.

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Avoiding Self-Pollination (in plants)

Methods to prevent pollen from fertilizing the same flower or plant.

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X in the experiment

A shapeless mass created by removing plant cells and placing them into a suitable medium with nutrients and plant hormones.

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Tissue Culture

A technique used to grow plant cells in a controlled environment, leading to the development of new plantlets.

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Reproductive parts of a flower

Stamens (male parts) and pistils (female parts), containing the germ cells.

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Unisexuality in flowers

A flower containing either stamens (male) or pistils (female).

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Bisexuality in flowers

A flower containing both stamens (male) and pistils (female).

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Callus

A mass of undifferentiated plant cells grown in a tissue culture.

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Advantages of Tissue Culture

Produces large numbers of plants quickly and preserves desirable traits.

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Location of reproductive parts in angiosperms

Inside the flower, specifically in the stamens and pistils.

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Study Notes

Reproduction

  • Reproduction is the creation of new life from existing life.
  • Its significance lies in replacing deceased organisms and ensuring the continuity of life on Earth.
  • Two main forms of reproduction are asexual and sexual.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

  • DNA resemblance among individuals in reproduction arises from shared DNA with parents.
  • This leads to a similarity between offspring and their progenitors.
  • DNA replication preserves body structure and facilitates inheritance of traits.
  • It also introduces diversity during the DNA replication process.
  • Variation is essential for evolutionary processes and contributes to population resilience and survival.

Asexual Reproduction

  • Offspring are produced by a single parent, with or without gamete formation.
  • This mode may or may not involve specialized reproductive cells called gametes.

Types of Asexual Reproduction

  • Fission: A unicellular organism divides into two or more organisms through binary or multiple fission.
    • Binary fission: Organism splits into two new organisms under specific conditions.
    • Example: Amoeba.
    • Multiple fission: Parent organism divides into numerous identical daughter organisms simultaneously.
    • Example: Plasmodium.
  • Fragmentation: The body of a simple multicellular organism breaks into fragments, and each fragment develops into a new organism.
    • Example: Spirogyra.
  • Budding: Small outgrowths (buds) emerge from the parent organism, eventually detaching to live independently.
    • Example: Hydra, yeast.
  • Regeneration: A complete organism can be reconstructed from a specific body part.
    • Example: Planaria.
  • Vegetative Propagation: New plants are obtained from portions of an existing plant without reproductive structures. This happens through the growth and development of buds on stems, leaves, or roots.
    • Examples: Potato buds, onion bulbs, bougainvillea leaf buds, and Dahlia roots.
    • Artificial propagation involves man-made methods like cutting, layering, and grafting.

Spore Formation

  • Spore formation is a form of asexual reproduction where a parent plant generates numerous microscopic reproductive units (spores).
  • Spores disperse, settle, and initiate germination under favorable conditions, resulting in new plants.

Sexual Reproduction

  • Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two specialized reproductive cells (gametes) - male (sperm) and female (egg).
  • The fusion results in a zygote that develops into a new organism.
  • This process is seen in flowering plants (angiosperms).

Parts of a Flower

  • Stamen (male): The male reproductive part with anther (pollen-producing structure) and filament.
  • Carpel (female): The female reproductive part with stigma (receives pollen), style (connects stigma to ovary), and ovary (holds ovules).
  • Pollination: Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of a flower.
    • Self-pollination: Pollen from the same flower.
    • Cross-pollination: Pollen from another flower.

Fertilization

  • Fertilization is the fusion of male gamete with a female gamete, forming a zygote.
  • The zygote develops into an embryo.
  • After fertilization, the ovule grows into a seed and the ovary into a fruit.

Sexual Reproduction in Humans

  • Puberty is a stage of sexual maturity marked by the production of sex hormones.
  • Males produce testosterone; females produce estrogen and progesterone.
  • Various physical changes occur during puberty.
  • Male Reproductive System:
  • Testis produces sperm.
  • Vas deferens transports sperm.
  • Urethra is a passage for urine and sperm.
  • Prostate gland and seminal vesicles secrete fluids that nourish sperm.
  • Scrotum regulates temperature for sperm production.
  • Penis delivers sperm.
  • Female Reproductive System:
  • Ovaries produce eggs.
  • Oviducts (fallopian tubes) carry eggs from ovaries to uterus.
  • Uterus provides a place for fertilized egg to develop.
  • Vagina is the birth canal.
  • Fertilization in Animals:
  • Sperm fertilizes the egg in the oviduct.
  • Fertilized egg (zygote) undergoes multiple divisions and implants in the uterine wall.
  • Placenta develops, supporting embryo growth.

Child Birth and Menstruation

  • Childbirth process involves strong uterine contractions.
  • Menstruation occurs when a fertilized egg does not implant.
  • The uterine lining breaks down and is shed.
  • Birth Control:
    • methods include mechanical barriers, hormonal methods (e.g., oral pills, intrauterine devices), and surgical methods (e.g., vasectomy in males, tubectomy in females).

Reproduction in Plants and animals

  • Vegetative Propagation Advantages: Fast production of many plants, earlier flowering and fruiting, especially useful in plants that have lost the ability to produce seeds.
  • Vegetative Propagation Disadvantages: Genetic similarity to the parent plant making them susceptible to infections, lower adaptability to changing environments.

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