Biology Chapter: Reasoning and Experimental Design

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Questions and Answers

Jimmy does a study that reveals that students that sleep a full 8 hours perform well in their classes. So he says to his friend you sleep a full 8 hours therefore you must do well in your classes. What type of reasoning is this?

Deductive Reasoning

A student designs the following experiment: He wants to test how effective 3 versions of a new sleeping pill is on patients which have insomnia. He creates 5 groups of patients all presenting with similar levels of insomnia. Group #1 receives a pill without any medicine in it (a placebo), Group #2, 3 and 4 each receive the the pill, and Group #5 receives a pill that is known to treat insomnia well. He will measure the effectiveness of the pill by how much sleep each patient is able to get. Which of the following is the positive control of this experiment? Which of the following is not the positive control?

  • Group #5 (correct)
  • Group #2, 3, 4
  • Group #1

If I were to graph the data of hours slept VS taking insomnia medicine, the number of hours each patient sleeps is the ______ variable and the taking the medicine is the _____ variable

  • independent, dependent
  • dependent, independent (correct)

Which of the following gives the weakest indication of life?

<p>The presence of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and sulfur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A hypothesis that has been tested many times and has NEVER been disproven

<p>Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

A possible explanation for an observation

<p>Hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Occurring in Nature

<p>Natural</p> Signup and view all the answers

Knowledge or information obtained about the world via senses or scientific instruments

<p>Observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or False. Inductive reasoning is taking a specific instance and applying it as a general principle.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The one factor that a scientist manipulates during an experiment..

<p>independent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ben makes five paper helicopters with different wing lengths. He drops them the same way from a height of two meters for five trials each. He records the amount of time it takes for each helicopter to fall to the ground. What is the dependent variable?

<p>amount of time it takes the helicopter to hit the floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

When graphing data in a bar graph (a.k.a. column graph), Theo independent variable is presented on the ________ and the dependent variable is presented on the___?

<p>x axis, y axis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The smallest basic unit of matter is the

<p>atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is formed when an atom gains or loses electrons?

<p>ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atoms in molecules share pairs of electrons when they make

<p>covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following solutions has the highest H ion concentration?

<p>a solution with a pH of 1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Substances are changed into different substances when bonds break and form during

<p>chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nucleus of an atom contains

<p>protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonding?

<p>In a covalent bond, the partners share a pair of electrons; in an ionic bond, one partner captures an electron from the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water molecules stick to other water molecules because

<p>Hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the oxygen atoms of other water molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A solution with a pH of 7 is

<p>neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Form when pairs of valence electrons are shared between two atoms.

<p>covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

The attraction between two oppositely charged ions e.g Na+ and Cl-

<p>ionic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms

<p>polar covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.

<p>hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Has to do with motion

<p>kinetic energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Has to do with objects in place - tension

<p>potential energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are not found in the nucleus of an atom?

<p>Electrons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The part of the atom containing a positive charge is the ____

<p>proton</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the proton number and electron number are unequal, the atom or molecule...

<p>is an ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carbohydrates monomer is a...

<p>monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carbohydrates function is...

<p>body's primary source of energy and the brain's preferred energy source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carbohydrates example...

<p>bread, beans, milk, starch, fructose, glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteins monomer is...

<p>amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteins function is...

<p>it helps repair and build your body's tissues, allows metabolic reactions to take place and coordinates bodily functions, transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

Protein examples...

<p>fish, meat, eggs, seeds, collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nucleic acids monomer is...

<p>nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nucleic acids function is...

<p>storage and expression of genomic information. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, encodes the information cells need to make proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nucleic acids examples...

<p>DNA, RNA, rRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lipids monomer is...

<p>glycerol and fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lipids function...

<p>storing 2 times the amount of energy as carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lipids example...

<p>fats, oils, waxes, vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Saturated fats...

<p>tightly packed, single bonds, dense stacked</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regarding the chemical bases are FALSE?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?

<p>nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate group</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many covalent bonds can Carbon form?

<p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reaction is this

<p>dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dehydration synthesis?

<p>formation of large molecules by the removal of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hydrolysis synthesis?

<p>breakdown of molecules by the addition of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the covalent bond joining two monosaccharides?

<p>glycosidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consists of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule.

<p>triglyceride</p> Signup and view all the answers

Label the phospholipid bilayer

<p>top - hydrophilic (polar) middle - hydrophobic (non polar) bottom - hydrophilic (polar)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Label all the components of the amino acid given below.

<p>amino group, variable r group, carboxyl group, single hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the covalent bond joining two amino acids?

<p>Peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three things that can cause denaturation in proteins?

<p>too much heat/temperature, exposed to an acid, pH changes, salt concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Purines Nitrogenous Bases are...

<p>Adenine and Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

No. of ring in structure of purines

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pyrimidines nitrogen bases are...

<p>cytosine, thymine, uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

No. of rings in structure of pyrimidines

<p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

In DNA, the sugar is ___________ , in RNA the sugar is ______________.

<p>Deoxyribose, ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the covalent bond joining two nucleotides?

<p>Phosphodiester</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adenine always pairs with ________ and they have ____ Hydrogen bonds between them.

<p>Thymine, 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytosine always pairs with _____ and they have ____Hydrogen bonds between them.

<p>Guanine, 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two DNA strands are _________ to each other.

<p>Antiparallel &amp; complimentary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give two similarities between DNA and RNA

<p>Both have four nitrogen bases, both formed of nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give two differences between DNA and RNA

<p>DNA has deoxyribose sugar while RNA has ribose, DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded</p> Signup and view all the answers

P in circle of nucleotide

<p>5^1</p> Signup and view all the answers

OH at bottom of nucleotide

<p>3^1</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydroxyl

<p>-OH</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amino

<p>-NH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sulfhydryl

<p>-S-H</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phosphate group

<p>-PO4</p> Signup and view all the answers

Methyl

<p>-CH3</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are classes of _______________.

<p>biological macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biological macromolecules are ____________, which means they contain carbon.

<p>organic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Subunits of these molecules are called ___________ and are connected together by strong_______bonds.

<p>monomers, covalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

The complex 3-D structure of this molecule is made up of primary, secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary levels.

<p>Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

You are studying a newly discovered species and want to analyze its genetic information. What type of molecule would you analyze?

<p>Nucleic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carbohydrates function and structure...

<p>body's primary source of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteins function and structure...

<p>helps repair and build tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nucleic Acids function and structure...

<p>contains our genomic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lipids function and structure...

<p>stores energy, forms the structural componenets of cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of an amino acid's basic structure gives it its unique functional characteristics?

<p>R- Group</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select all of the following functions in which you would expect to find Lipids.

<p>Cholesterol (A), Energy storage (B), Cell membranes (C), Steroid hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nucleotides' structure is responsible for the incredible variation that exists amongst all types of organisms?

<p>Nitrogenous Base</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nucleus is in what cell

<p>Eukaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Membrane-enclosed organelles is in what cell

<p>Eukaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cell Wall is in what cell

<p>Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ribosomes is in what cell

<p>Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytoskeleton is in what cell

<p>Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ribosomes and what would happen if it stopped functioning

<p>without this process the cell would not have the important proteins it needs. cells would not be able to repair cellular damage or even maintain their structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondria and what would happen if it stopped functioning

<p>powerhouse of the cell. When the mitochondria are defective, the cells do not have enough energy. The unused oxygen and fuel molecules build up in the cells and cause damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Centrioles and what would happen if it stopped functioning

<p>organizing microtubules that serve as the cell's skeletal system. They help determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell. Without centrioles, the cells' organelles would not stay in their proper places, and microtubules would not be able to function properly, which would leave cells unsupported and liable to lose their shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Golgi apparatus and what would happen if it stopped functioning

<p>a factory in which proteins received from the ER are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion. without golgi, lysosomes wouldnt be produced which leads to cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

If lysosomes become nonfunctional

<p>sugars and fats build up in the cell instead of being used or excreted</p> Signup and view all the answers

If smooth ER become nonfunctional

<p>the cell would no longer be able to produce ribosomes which are needed to make proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Deductive Reasoning

A logical process where a conclusion follows from premises.

Positive Control

Group #5 that receives a known treatment in an experiment.

Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured in an experiment.

Theory

A hypothesis tested extensively and never disproven.

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Hypothesis

A possible explanation for an observation or phenomenon.

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Natural

Describes something occurring in nature without human intervention.

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Observation

Knowledge gained through the senses or scientific instruments.

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Inductive Reasoning

Taking specific instances to form a general principle.

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Independent Variable

The factor manipulated by the scientist during an experiment.

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Ionic Bonds

Attraction between oppositely charged ions.

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Covalent Bonds

Atoms share pairs of electrons when forming molecules.

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Hydrogen Bonds

Weak bonds formed by hydrogen atoms and electronegative atoms.

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Kinetic Energy

Energy due to motion.

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Potential Energy

Stored energy based on position or state.

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Monosaccharides

The monomer of carbohydrates, simple sugars like glucose.

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Amino Acids

The monomer of proteins that make up the structure.

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Nucleotides

Monomer of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.

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Glycerol and Fatty Acids

Monomers of lipids, forming fats and oils.

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Hydrophobic

Repels water, non-polar substances.

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Hydrophilic

Attracts water, polar substances.

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pH of 7

A neutral solution with equal H+ and OH- ions.

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DNA bases

Adenine pairs with Thymine; Cytosine pairs with Guanine.

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Phosphodiester Bond

The bond joining two nucleotides in nucleic acids.

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Carbohydrates

Biological macromolecules that act as primary energy source.

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Proteins

Macromolecules made of amino acids; they perform various functions.

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Cell Membrane

Structure formed by lipids, controlling what enters/exits a cell.

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Eukaryotic Cells

Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

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Prokaryotic Cells

Simple, unicellular organisms without a nucleus.

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Centrioles

Organelles involved in cell division, organizing microtubules.

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Study Notes

Deductive Reasoning

  • Deductive reasoning is applying a general principle to a specific instance
  • Example: "All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal."

Experimental Design - Sleeping Pill Study

  • Positive control: Group receiving a known effective insomnia treatment (Group #5)
  • Negative control/placebo: Group receiving a pill without medicine (Group #1)
  • Experimental groups: Groups receiving the new sleeping pill (Groups #2, #3, #4)

Graphing Data

  • Independent variable: Variable manipulated by the researcher (e.g., type of medicine)
  • Dependent variable: Variable measured, influenced by the independent variable (e.g., hours of sleep)
  • Independent variable is on the x-axis.
  • Dependent variable is on the y-axis.

Weakest Indication of Life

  • Presence of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.

Hypothesis vs. Theory

  • Hypothesis : A possible explanation for an observation.
  • Theory : A hypothesis that has been extensively tested and never disproven.

Other Key Concepts

  • Natural: Occurring in nature.
  • Observation: Knowledge gathered through senses or scientific instruments.
  • Inductive reasoning: Taking a specific instance and applying it as a general principle.
  • Independent variable: The factor a scientist changes during an experiment.
  • Dependent variable: Response measured during an experiment.

Biological Molecules

  • Atoms: The smallest basic units of matter.
  • Ions: Atoms that have gained or lost electrons.
  • Covalent bonds: Atoms share electrons.
  • Ionic bonds: One atom captures an electron from another.
  • Chemical reactions: Substances are changed into different substances.
  • Nucleus: Part of the atom containing protons and neutrons.
  • Electrons: Found outside the nucleus.

Water Properties

  • Hydrogen bonds: Weak bonds between water molecules due to the attraction between hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

pH

  • pH of 7 is neutral.
  • Higher H+ concentrations mean lower pH.

Monomer Examples

  • Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose)
  • Proteins: Amino acids
  • Nucleic acids: Nucleotides
  • Lipids: Glycerol and fatty acids

Biological Molecule Functions

  • Carbohydrates: Primary energy source.
  • Proteins: Repair and build tissue, metabolism, coordination, transport.
  • Nucleic acids: Store and express genetic information (DNA, RNA).
  • Lipids: Energy storage, cell membranes.

Lipids Specifics

  • Saturated fats: Tightly packed, single bonds.
  • Unsaturated fats: Loosely packed, double or triple bonds, kinks.

Nucleic Acids Structure

  • Nucleotides: Composed of a nitrogenous base, sugar, and a phosphate group.
  • Purines: Adenine and Guanine (double rings)
  • Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil (single rings.)
  • DNA: Deoxyribose sugar, double-stranded, A-T, C-G.
  • RNA: Ribose Sugar, single-stranded, A-U, C-G.
  • Covalent bonds: Phosphodiester bonds connect nucleotides.
  • Base Pairing: A-T (2 hydrogen bonds), C-G (3 hydrogen bonds) in DNA. A-U, C-G in RNA.

Other Molecular Details

  • Dehydration synthesis: Forming larger molecules by removing water.
  • Hydrolysis: Breaking down molecules by adding water.
  • Glycosidic bond: Covalent bond joining monosaccharides.
  • Triglycerides: Three fatty acids linked to a glycerol.
  • Phospholipid bilayer: Forms cell membranes with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
  • Amino acids: Have an amino group, a carboxyl group, an R-group (variable), and a hydrogen atom.
  • Peptide bond: The covalent bond between two amino acids
  • Denaturation: Loss of protein's 3D structure due to heat, pH, or salt.
  • Kinetic energy: Energy of motion.
  • Potential energy: Stored energy of position.

Cell Structure

  • Prokaryotic cells: Lack membrane-enclosed organelles.
  • Eukaryotic cells: Have membrane-enclosed organelles (nucleus).
  • Cell wall: Supports and protects cells.
  • Ribosomes: Build proteins.
  • Mitochondria: Produce energy (ATP).
  • Centrioles: Involved in cell division.
  • Golgi apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
  • Lysosomes: Break down waste.
  • Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies substances.
  • Organic Compounds: Contain carbon.
  • Monomers: Subunits of larger molecules.
  • Covalent bonds: Strong bonds between monomers.

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