Biology Chapter: Proteins and Lipids

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Questions and Answers

What determines the function of a protein?

  • The specific shape or structure of the protein (correct)
  • The type of peptide bonds formed
  • The presence of essential amino acids
  • The number of amino acids present

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?

  • Movement
  • Energy storage (correct)
  • Regulatory roles
  • Transport

What type of bond links amino acids in proteins?

  • Ionic bonds
  • Hydrogen bonds
  • Disulfide bridges
  • Peptide bonds (correct)

Which of these lipids is primarily responsible for forming the bilayer of cell membranes?

<p>Phospholipids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fatty acid characteristic differentiates saturated fats from unsaturated fats?

<p>Type of bonds between carbon atoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hemoglobin in the blood?

<p>Transport oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of DNA described as?

<p>Double helix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of RNA in the process of protein synthesis?

<p>To translate DNA into proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fat is characterized by having no double bonds and being solid at room temperature?

<p>Saturated fats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond links amino acids together in proteins?

<p>Peptide bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes phospholipids?

<p>They form the cell membrane with a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes essential amino acids from non-essential amino acids?

<p>Essential amino acids must be obtained from food (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary roles of proteins in the body?

<p>To provide structural support and movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is DNA structured?

<p>In a double helix shape (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes lipids?

<p>They store more energy per gram than carbohydrates or proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

DNA to RNA flow

Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins.

Central Dogma

The explanation of how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to produce proteins.

Lipids

Molecules that are hydrophobic (don't dissolve in water) and store a lot of energy.

Saturated Fats

Fats with no double bonds; solid at room temperature.

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Unsaturated Fats

Fats with double bonds; liquid at room temperature.

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Phospholipids

Lipids that form cell membranes with a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head.

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Proteins

Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

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Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

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Peptide Bond

The bond linking amino acids in a protein.

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Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins.

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Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA store and transmit genetic information.

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Hydrophobic

Doesn't dissolve in water.

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Nucleotides

Monomers of DNA and RNA, composed of sugar, phosphate, and base.

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Protein Function

Proteins' function is determined by their unique 3D shape.

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Peptide Bond

The bond that links amino acids together in a protein.

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Amino Acid Types

Amino acids can be essential (needed from food) or nonessential (produced by the body).

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Enzyme

A special protein that speeds up chemical reactions.

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Protein Functions (Movement)

Proteins like actin and myosin facilitate movement in muscles.

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Protein Functions (Storage)

Proteins like albumin store nutrients (e.g., in egg white).

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Protein Functions (Transport)

Hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood.

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Protein Functions (Regulatory)

Proteins like insulin control processes like blood sugar.

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Protein Functions (Structural)

Proteins like keratin and collagen provide structure.

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Lipid Structure

Lipids consist of fatty acids and glycerol.

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Saturated Fatty Acid

Fatty acid with single bonds between carbon atoms.

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Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Fatty acid with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.

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Triglycerides

A type of lipid, composed of glycerol and fatty acids, used for energy storage.

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Lipid Function (Energy)

Lipids store energy for long-term use.

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Lipid Function (Insulation)

Lipids help maintain body temperature.

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Lipid Function (Protection)

Lipids cushion and protect organs from injury.

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Lipid Function (Waterproof)

Lipids prevent water loss (e.g., in skin or plant leaves).

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Lipid Function (Hormones)

Some lipids, like steroid hormones (estrogen, testosterone), act as chemical messengers.

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Lipid Function (Cell Membrane)

Phospholipids form the cell membrane structure.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid; stores genetic information.

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RNA

Ribonucleic acid; translates genetic information to make proteins.

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DNA Structure

A double helix made of two strands.

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DNA Base Pairing

Adenine (A) with Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) with Guanine (G).

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RNA Base Pairing

Adenine (A) with Uracil (U), and Cytosine (C) with Guanine (G).

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DNA Location (Eukaryotes)

DNA is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

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Study Notes

Proteins: Structure and Function

  • Protein function depends on its specific shape.
  • Proteins are made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
  • Non-essential amino acids are produced by the body.
  • Essential amino acids must come from food.
  • Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions.
  • Proteins have diverse functions, including:
    • Movement (e.g., actin and myosin in muscles)
    • Storage (e.g., albumen in egg white)
    • Transport (e.g., hemoglobin transports oxygen)
    • Regulation (e.g., insulin regulates blood sugar)
    • Structure (e.g., keratin and collagen in hair, nails, and cell membranes)

Lipids: Structure and Functions

  • Lipids are made of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule.
  • Fatty acids can have single bonds (saturated) or double bonds (unsaturated).
  • Lipids have various functions, including:
    • Insulation to maintain body temperature.
    • Energy storage.
    • Protection for organs.
    • Waterproofing.
    • Chemical messengers (e.g., steroid hormones like testosterone and estrogen).
    • Cell membrane structure (phospholipids form the bilayer).
  • Examples of lipids include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroid hormones, and triglycerides.

Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

  • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) stores genetic information.
  • RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) is involved in translating genetic information from DNA to proteins.
  • DNA has a double-helix structure.
  • DNA bases pair as follows: Adenine (A) with Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) with Guanine (G).
  • RNA bases pair as follows: Adenine (A) with Uracil (U) instead of thymine.
  • DNA is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
  • The flow of genetic information is DNA → RNA → Protein (Central Dogma).

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