Biology Chapter: Plasma Membrane & Cell Types

A double layer of phospholipids with proteins embedded within it, forming the outer boundary of a cell.

A type of cell lacking a membrane-bound nucleus and most other organelles.

A type of cell with a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

The internal environment of a cell, where the cytoplasm is located in eukaryotic cells.

The region within a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm, excluding the nucleus.

Specialized structures within a eukaryotic cell, performing specific functions. For example, mitochondria for energy production.

The central region within a eukaryotic cell, containing the genetic material (DNA).

The water-loving part of a molecule, often attracted to water.

The ratio of a cell's surface area to its volume.

The outer covering of a cell. Facilitates exchange of materials with the environment.

The process of a cell increasing in size.

The process of a cell dividing into two.

Cells usually have a high surface area to volume ratio. This is important for efficient exchange of materials with the environment.

Cells require a sufficient surface area to facilitate the exchange of materials between the cell and its environment. This is essential for survival.

Cells are generally microscopic in size. This helps maintain a high surface area-to-volume ratio.

Large organisms do not have larger cells than smaller organisms. They simply have more cells.

Tiny holes in the nuclear envelope which regulate the passage of molecules in and out of the nucleus.

A network of protein filaments that lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope, giving the nucleus its shape.

A framework of protein fibers within the nucleus that helps organize the genetic material.

The process of synthesizing a protein from genetic information encoded in mRNA.

A type of RNA that carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes.

A molecule that transports genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.

A complex of ribosomal RNA and proteins that carries out protein synthesis.

The process of translating the genetic code in mRNA into a protein sequence.

The process by which a polypeptide chain is guided through a pore in the ER membrane during protein synthesis.

A protein complex within the ER membrane that forms a channel for the passage of polypeptides.

The space within the ER membrane, where proteins are folded and modified.

Proteins produced by ribosomes attached to the ER, destined for secretion or insertion into membranes.

Proteins with carbohydrates covalently attached to them.

A specialized region of the ER where vesicles bud off to transport proteins.

Small membrane-enclosed sacs that transport molecules within the cell.

The process by which the ER membrane grows by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids.

The volume of a sphere is calculated using the formula: 4/3 * π * r³ where π (pi) is a constant approximately equal to 3.14 and r is the radius of the sphere.

The surface area of a sphere is calculated using the formula: 4 * π * r² where π (pi) is a constant approximately equal to 3.14 and r is the radius of the sphere.

The radius of a sphere is half its diameter. It's the distance from the center of the sphere to its edge.

The diameter of a sphere is the distance between two points on the sphere's surface, passing through its center. It's double the radius.

The difference in volume between two spheres can be calculated by subtracting the volume of the smaller sphere from the volume of the larger sphere. This tells us how much volume the larger sphere has compared to the smaller one.

The difference in surface area between two spheres can be calculated by subtracting the surface area of the smaller sphere from the surface area of the larger sphere. This tells us how much more surface area the larger sphere has compared to the smaller one.

As a cell grows, its plasma membrane needs to expand to accommodate the increased volume. This expansion is necessary to maintain the integrity of the cell and its internal environment.

The process of cell division where a new cell buds off from the parent cell, creating a new individual.

Tiny finger-like projections on the cell surface that increase the surface area, facilitating absorption or secretion.

The basic structure of biological membranes, composed of two layers of phospholipid molecules with embedded proteins.

The process by which cells break down sugars to generate energy.

The division of a cell into compartments allows for specialized functions and efficient organization of metabolic processes.

Plant cells have a rigid cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and a large central vacuole, while animal cells do not.

The study of cells, their structure, and their functions.