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Questions and Answers
What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions?
What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions?
An electron transport chain
In which organelles does photosynthesis take place?
In which organelles does photosynthesis take place?
Chloroplasts
In the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate which compound?
In the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate which compound?
NAD+
In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____?
In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____?
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Which equation represents photosynthesis?
Which equation represents photosynthesis?
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What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle?
What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle?
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What provides electrons for the light reactions?
What provides electrons for the light reactions?
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What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle?
What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle?
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The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________.
The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________.
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What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle?
What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle?
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_____ releases energy that is used to pump hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid compartment.
_____ releases energy that is used to pump hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid compartment.
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_____ splits water into 1/2 O2, H+, and e-.
_____ splits water into 1/2 O2, H+, and e-.
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Energized electrons from ____ enter an electron transport chain and are then used to reduce NADP+.
Energized electrons from ____ enter an electron transport chain and are then used to reduce NADP+.
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What is the name given to organisms that can make their own food and thus sustain themselves without consuming organic molecules derived from other organisms?
What is the name given to organisms that can make their own food and thus sustain themselves without consuming organic molecules derived from other organisms?
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Thylakoids are arranged in stacks called?
Thylakoids are arranged in stacks called?
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Which of the following are produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis? (Select all that apply)
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Which statement regarding the light reactions is true?
Which statement regarding the light reactions is true?
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Photosystem II?
Photosystem II?
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As a result of the cascade of electrons moving down the electron transport chain and leaving the light reactions?
As a result of the cascade of electrons moving down the electron transport chain and leaving the light reactions?
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Where do the electrons needed by photosystem II originate?
Where do the electrons needed by photosystem II originate?
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Photosynthetic organisms derive their carbon from?
Photosynthetic organisms derive their carbon from?
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In the Calvin cycle carbon dioxide provides _____, whereas ATP and NADPH provide _____ and _____, respectively.
In the Calvin cycle carbon dioxide provides _____, whereas ATP and NADPH provide _____ and _____, respectively.
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Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____?
Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____?
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After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it receives energized electrons from _____?
After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it receives energized electrons from _____?
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How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?
How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?
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In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules?
In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules?
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In simple summary form, the input of the Calvin cycle for every product is __________, and the output is __________ used for glucose synthesis.
In simple summary form, the input of the Calvin cycle for every product is __________, and the output is __________ used for glucose synthesis.
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In C3 plants, the conservation of water promotes _____?
In C3 plants, the conservation of water promotes _____?
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In C4 and CAM plants, carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells.
In C4 and CAM plants, carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells.
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C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____?
C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____?
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Which of the following statements about the greenhouse effect is true?
Which of the following statements about the greenhouse effect is true?
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Asexual and sexual reproduction differ in that sexual reproduction _____?
Asexual and sexual reproduction differ in that sexual reproduction _____?
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Bacteria divide by:
Bacteria divide by:
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The first step of bacterial replication is _____?
The first step of bacterial replication is _____?
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What differs concerning the DNA in bacterial cells as opposed to eukaryotic cells?
What differs concerning the DNA in bacterial cells as opposed to eukaryotic cells?
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Prior to mitosis and after S phase, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called?
Prior to mitosis and after S phase, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called?
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During _____ both the contents of the nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided.
During _____ both the contents of the nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided.
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During _____ the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes.
During _____ the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes.
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis and Light Reactions
- Light reactions are connected by an electron transport chain which facilitates the flow of electrons.
- Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using light energy.
- NAD+ is essential for cellular respiration in anaerobic conditions, allowing cells to regenerate energy carriers.
- Muscle cells undergo fermentation, producing lactate and restoring NAD+.
- Photosynthesis is summarized by the equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
- ATP and NADPH, produced in light reactions, provide energy and reducing power for the Calvin cycle.
- Water molecules are a source of electrons in the light reactions, essential for sustaining the process.
Calvin Cycle and Carbon Fixation
- The Calvin cycle uses carbon dioxide for carbon buildup in sugars, requiring ATP and NADPH as energy sources.
- Photosystem II splits water into oxygen, protons, and electrons, initiating electron transport.
- Grana are stacks of thylakoids where light reactions take place; the Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma.
- The ultimate energy source for photosynthesis is sunlight, driving the carbon fixation process.
- For each glucose molecule produced, six carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP.
Photosynthetic Variations
- C3 plants face challenges like photorespiration in water-scarce environments, causing reduced efficiency.
- C4 and CAM plants have adaptations that allow them to fix carbon dioxide in different cellular environments, enhancing water use and efficiency.
- C4 plants separate carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle in different cells, improving their photosynthetic efficiency.
Bacterial Division
- Bacteria reproduce primarily by binary fission, a simple yet effective method of cell division.
- DNA replication is the critical first step in bacterial replication, ensuring genetic material is fully copied before division.
- Unlike eukaryotic cells, bacterial DNA is typically circular and not enclosed in a nucleus.
Mitosis and Cell Cycle
- Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of two identical sister chromatids post-DNA replication, which ensures genetic consistency during cell division.
- The mitotic phase includes both mitosis and cytokinesis, encompassing the entire process of cell division.
- The interphase is characterized by cell growth and preparation for division, replicating organelles and chromosomes.
Key Terms
- Autotrophs are organisms capable of producing their own food through photosynthesis.
- NADPH functions as an electron carrier from light reactions to the Calvin cycle, enabling sugar synthesis.
- RuBP is a crucial molecule in the Calvin cycle where carbon dioxide fixation occurs.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the light reactions of photosynthesis with this quiz. Explore how the photosystems interact and where these processes occur. Challenge your understanding of the functions of chloroplasts and the role of electron transport chains.
