Biology Chapter on Vertebrates and Invertebrates
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is true about Cyclostomes?

  • They have jaws.
  • They possess a bony skeleton.
  • They are known for their mineralized skeleton.
  • They have a circular mouth. (correct)

    • Gnathostomes evolved from vertebrates through the modification of gill arches.

    True

    What is the primary feature that distinguishes Chondrichthyes from bony fish?

    Cartilaginous skeleton

    Cyclostomes consist of vertebrates without ______.

    <p>jaws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the group of vertebrates with their characteristic features:

    <p>Cyclostomes = Jawless and possess a circular mouth Gnathostomes = Have jaws and modified gill arches Chondrichthyes = Cartilaginous skeleton made of cartilage Lancelets = Retain juvenile features into adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of invertebrates?

    <p>Absence of a backbone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Ctenophora phylum is characterized by being triploblastic with bilateral symmetry.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evolutionary significance does the notochord hold for vertebrates?

    <p>It provides structural support and serves as a primitive backbone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ctenophores are characterized by having a ________ nervous system.

    <p>networked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phyla with their characteristics:

    <p>Porifera = Diploblastic, no true tissues Ctenophora = Diploblastic, radial symmetry Chordata = Presence of a notochord Arthropoda = Segmented body with exoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is typical of Cnidaria?

    <p>Radial symmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups includes organisms that are primarily sessile?

    <p>Porifera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protostomic animals possess a digestive tract.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All tetrapods are classified under the clade Chordata.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one adaptation that allowed early tetrapods to colonize land.

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evolutionary significance of bilateral symmetry in animals?

    <p>It allows for more complex body plans and directional movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Echinodermata display _______ symmetry and are classified as deuterostomes.

    <p>bilateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following protostomic features with their corresponding groups:

    <p>Caenorhabditis elegans = Nematoda Helix pomatia = Gastropoda Lumbricus terrestris = Annelida Dugesia subtentaculata = Platyhelminthes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a lophophore in protostomic animals?

    <p>Feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All arthropods possess a rigid exoskeleton made solely of chitin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ___________ is a crucial feature of chordates, providing support and attachment for muscles.

    <p>notochord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adaptations were necessary for colonization of land?

    <p>Support of the body against gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tiktaalik is considered to be a fossil that shows both fish and amphibian traits.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mode of reproduction in Chondrichthyes?

    <p>Placentary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four embryonic membranes of amniotes?

    <p>Chorion, Amnion, Allantois, Yolk sac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteichthyes possess an internal skeleton.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amphibians undergo __________ during their life cycle, involving a transition from aquatic larvae to terrestrial adults.

    <p>metamorphosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environment did early lobed-finned bony fish (Sarcopterygii) inhabit?

    <p>Coastal wetlands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cyclostomes are homologous to vertebrate teeth made of __________ and enamel.

    <p>dentine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups of amphibians with their classifications:

    <p>Urodela = Salamanders Anura = Frogs Apoda = Caecilians Cyclostomes = Jawless fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is true for reptiles?

    <p>They have dry skin with scales.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups of fish to their characteristics:

    <p>Osteichthyes = Bones made of calcium phosphate Cyclostomes = Lack true jaws Chondrichthyes = Cartilaginous skeleton Dipnoi = Functional lungs and gills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Birds are classified as mammals due to their unique characteristics.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation do Dipnoi (lungfish) have that is homologous to tetrapod lungs?

    <p>Functional lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an exaptation in the context of bird feathers?

    <p>An opportunistic adaptation used for a new function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most bony fish are ovoviviparous.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the ability of some organisms to resist dry conditions, often by burrowing into mud?

    <p>Torpor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with Archaeopteryx?

    <p>Large forebrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All mammals have mammary glands.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of having an opposable thumb in primates?

    <p>Grasping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humans belong to the genus ________.

    <p>Homo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hominins with their notable characteristics:

    <p>Homo habilis = First representative of the Homo genus Ardipithecus ramidus = Found in Ethiopia, 4.4 million years ago First hominins = Existed around 6.5 million years ago Chauvet Cave = Site of early human artistic expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is indicative of endothermy in mammals?

    <p>High metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chimpanzees have the same number of chromosomes as humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two adaptations are essential for bipedal locomotion in humans?

    <p>Reduced jaw bones and a short digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The overlapping visual fields in primates provide them with ________.

    <p>binocular vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a major milestone of the first hominins?

    <p>Bipedal walking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Topic 13: The Evolution of Animals II

    • Learning Outcomes (Topic 13):
      • Define key invertebrate characteristics based on embryological or anatomical features.
      • Classify invertebrates into clades based on these characteristics.
      • Place invertebrate evolution of body symmetry and mouth formation on a phylogeny.
      • Explain the importance of the notochord in vertebrate evolution.
      • Organize key vertebrate innovations on a phylogeny.
      • Associate vertebrate innovations with their defining clades.
      • Describe the evolution of gill arches and rods in vertebrates.
      • Explain how early tetrapod structures allowed vertebrates to colonize land.
      • Organize key tetrapod innovations on a phylogeny.
      • Associate tetrapod innovations with their defining clades.
      • Classify tetrapod adaptations based on environmental challenges.
      • Define and identify exaptations.

    Topic 13.1: Invertebrates

    • Invertebrates: Defined by the absence of a backbone (spine).
    • Prevalence: 95% of all known animal species.
    • Diversity: Includes a vast array of species, for example 1 million insect species.
    • Ancestral Traits: Many ancestral traits have been lost in invertebrates.
    • Deuterostome Invertebrates: Chordates (and vertebrates) evolved from deuterostome invertebrates.

    Animal Phylogeny

    • Diagram: A complex phylogenetic tree depicting the relationships among various animal groups.
    • Time Scale: Shows evolutionary time frames (e.g., 770 million years ago).
    • Groups: Identifies major animal groups (e.g. Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria, etc.)

    Invertebrate Groups: Porifera (Sponges)

    • Characteristics: Diploblastic, radial symmetry, sessile, lack true tissues.
    • Structure: Includes choanocytes, spongocoel, pores, spicules, and amoebocytes.

    Invertebrate Groups: Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)

    • Characteristics: Diploblastic, radial symmetry, multiple cell layers (tissues).
    • Structure: Includes sensory epidermis, a networked nervous system.

    Invertebrate Groups: Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Anemones)

    • Characteristics: Diploblastic, radial symmetry, sessile polyp and swimming medusa life cycle, hydrostatic skeleton.
    • Structure: Includes gastrovascular cavity, tentacles with nematocysts.

    Invertebrate Groups: Bilateria

    • Characteristics: Bilateral symmetry evolved at the same time as triploblasty (mesoderm) (670Mya)
    • Acoela and Platyhelminthes: These groups lack a body cavity (coelome) and a digestive tract.

    Invertebrate Groups: Ecdysozoa

    • Description: Protostome animals that produce an exoskeleton periodically molted (ecdysis).
    • Examples: Arthropods show rigid exoskeletons made of protein and chitin, segmented into functional units, ganglions (clustered nerve cell bodies).

    Invertebrate Groups: Lophotrochozoa

    • Characteristics: Protostome animals possessing a lophophore (ciliated tentacles) or trochophore (specific larval stage).

    Invertebrate Groups: Echinodermata

    • Characteristics: Bilateral symmetry (larval data), deuterostome development, water vascular system for nutrition, respiration, locomotion and excretion.

    Topic 13.2: The Notochord

    • Chordates (530Mya): Possess a notochord: a longitudinal flexible rod (mesoderm).
    • Supporting Muscles: Muscles attached to the notochord provide locomotion.
    • Dorsal Nerve Chord: Ectoderm-derived nerve chord located dorsally behind the mouth.
    • Pharyngeal Slits: Behind the mouth, these perform filtration during feeding and gas exchange.
    • Post-Anal Tail: A tail with skeleton and muscles.

    Topic 13.3: Colonization on Land by Vertebrates

    • Tetrapods: "Four limbs" with digits.
    • Land Niches: Plants, insects, a range of temperatures, humidity and reduced competition.
    • Adaptations:
      • Body support against gravity.
      • Breathing in air.
      • Hearing in air.
      • Resistance to dry environments.
      • Vascular system with lungs and organs.
    • Tetrapod Example: Tiktaalik: Fossil demonstrating characteristics of both fish and tetrapods.

    Amphibian Groups:

    • Characteristics: Aquaticlarval stage with gills, lateral line, herbivorous, metamorphosis(loss of tail, formation of legs). Terrestrial predator as adults.

    Amniotes

    • Characteristics: Air insulation during embryo development, thoracic breathing.
      • Chorion: Outer membrane for gas exchange.
      • Amnion: Encloses the cavity for protection.
      • Allantois: Surrounds excretory sac.
      • Yolk sac: Provides nutrients.

    Reptile Groups:

    • Characteristics: Dry skin with keratin-containing scales, ectothermic (except birds), behavioral thermoregulation, improved locomotion.
    • Reptile Groups: Example: Turtles, crocodiles, snakes and lizards.

    Bird Groups:

    • Characteristics: Feathers for temperature regulation, courtship, protection, camoflage, later adaptations for flight (opportunistic).
      • Lack of bladder, single ovary, small gonads, high metabolic rates, absence of teeth, light skulls and skeletons, wings and feathers

    Mammal Groups:

    • Characteristics: Mammary glands for milk production, endothermy, larger brains, differentiated teeth, hair, fat layer for insulation, kidneys.

    Primate Groups:

    • Characteristics: Opposable thumbs for grasping, large brains, short jaws, parental care, tree-dwelling habits (hand-eye coordination), overlapping visual fields and binocular vision leading to depth perception.
    • Primate Groups: Examples: Lemurs, lorises, bush babies, Tarsiers, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, Gibbons, Orangutans, Gorillas, Chimpanzees and Bonobos.

    Human Groups:

    • Characteristics: Bipedal, reduced jaw bones, short digestive tracts, language, complex thought, artistic expression, manufacture of symbolic tools.
    • Human Relative Similarity: 99% of the human genome is identical to the chimpanzee genome.

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    Topic 13 - The Evolution of Animals II PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the characteristics and evolutionary significance of vertebrates and invertebrates in this quiz. Explore questions covering Cyclostomes, Chondrichthyes, Cnidaria, and adaptations of tetrapods. Perfect for students delving into animal biology concepts and classifications.

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