Biology Chapter on the Human Eye and Hormones
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Questions and Answers

What role does the cornea play in vision?

  • It transmits sound waves to the auditory system.
  • It regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
  • It provides most of the eye's refractive power. (correct)
  • It adjusts the color perception in the eye.

Which cells in the retina are responsible for night vision?

  • Rods (correct)
  • Ganglion cells
  • Cones
  • Bipolar cells

How does the iris contribute to light adaptation?

  • By generating electrical signals for the brain
  • By adjusting photoreceptor sensitivity
  • By dilating in bright light
  • By regulating pupil size in response to light (correct)

What is the primary function of cones in the retina?

<p>To provide sharp and colorful vision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the optic nerve play in the visual process?

<p>Carries electrical signals from the retina to the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure acts as the screen where light forms an image?

<p>Retina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the lacrimal glands?

<p>Flushing away debris and keeping the eye moist (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the outer ear is responsible for amplifying sound?

<p>External Auditory Canal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Orbicularis Oculi muscle?

<p>Closes the eyelids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone produced by the pituitary gland stimulates growth and cell regeneration?

<p>Growth Hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can occur due to excessively high levels of Growth Hormone in children?

<p>Gigantism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What muscle is responsible for closing and protruding the lips?

<p>Orbicularis Oris (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone regulates the thyroid gland's production of thyroid hormones?

<p>Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from low levels of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)?

<p>Addison's disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an excess of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) have on the body?

<p>Rapid weight loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for elevating the corner of the mouth and is associated with smiling?

<p>Zygomaticus Major (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can occur due to excessively high Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) or Luteinizing Hormone (LH) levels?

<p>Ovarian failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is most commonly associated with low levels of Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)?

<p>Sensitivity to cold (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone decreases blood calcium levels by promoting calcium deposition in bones?

<p>Calcitonin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of excessively low levels of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?

<p>Hypocalcemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from chronically low levels of cortisol?

<p>Addison's disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excessively high production of which hormone can contribute to kidney stones and weakened bones?

<p>Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in the reproductive system?

<p>Regulates development of eggs and sperm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with high levels of Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)?

<p>Nervousness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main product of glycolysis?

<p>Pyruvate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

<p>Oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the citric acid cycle?

<p>ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes fermentation?

<p>It produces small amounts of ATP under anaerobic conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules can be produced per glucose molecule during cellular respiration?

<p>36-38 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of ATP's structure?

<p>Fatty acid tail (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced when glucose is converted to lactic acid during fermentation?

<p>Energy in the form of ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs at the epiphyseal line when growth is complete?

<p>Bone lengthening ceases as cartilage is fully ossified. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the electron transport chain?

<p>To pump protons and create a gradient for ATP synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is primarily responsible for the rapid increase in the number of cartilage cells?

<p>Proliferation Zone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the growth of cartilage and bone at the epiphyseal plates?

<p>Growth Hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) play in bone growth?

<p>They are essential for the development and maturation of the skeleton. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nutrients is NOT directly associated with bone mineralization?

<p>Iron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for flexing the big toe?

<p>Flexor Hallucis Longus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does physical activity have on bone health?

<p>It stimulates bone remodeling and strengthening. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does vitamin D deficiency affect bone health?

<p>It can cause rickets in children. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Tibialis Posterior muscle?

<p>Involved in plantarflexion and supports the arch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ossification zone in the epiphyseal plate?

<p>To replace dead cartilage with bone tissue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What movement is the Fibularis (Peroneus) Brevis muscle primarily associated with?

<p>Eversion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process does the mitochondria perform to generate ATP?

<p>Cellular Respiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of mitochondria in the cell?

<p>Convert nutrients into ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the leg muscles?

<p>Enable essential movements like walking and running (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for eversion of the foot?

<p>Fibularis Longus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure within the mitochondria increases surface area for energy production?

<p>Cristae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Eye Refraction

The cornea and lens focusing light to form a clear image on the retina.

Pupil Dilation

The pupil opens wider to let more light in, usually in dim light.

Retina Photoreceptors

Rods detect light and motion in low light, cones detect color and detail in bright light.

Binocular Vision

Using both eyes to perceive depth and space.

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Optic Nerve

Nerve that carries visual signals from the eye to the brain for processing.

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Ear Canal

Funnel-like structure that routes sound waves toward the eardrum.

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Eardrum (Tympanic Membrane)

A thin membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves.

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Visual Cortex

Part of the brain that processes visual information into images and understanding.

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Growth Hormone (GH) function

Stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration in bones and muscles.

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Pituitary gland function

Master gland controlling other endocrine glands.

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Orbicularis Oculi function

Closes eyelids, for blinking and squinting

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Orbicularis Oris function

Closes and protrudes lips for speaking and kissing.

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Zygomaticus Major function

Elevates corners of mouth for smiling.

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Low GH (dwarfism) symptoms

Reduced growth or height.

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High GH (gigantism) symptoms

Excessive growth and height.

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Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) function

Prompts thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones for metabolism.

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Too High FSH/LH

May indicate ovarian/testicular dysfunction, leading to infertility and menstrual cycle disruption.

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Too Low FSH/LH

Leads to infertility and menstrual irregularities (women) and low sperm count (men).

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Hypothyroidism

Low thyroid hormone levels causing fatigue, weight gain, depression, and sensitivity to cold.

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Hyperthyroidism

High thyroid hormone levels causing weight loss, rapid heart rate, nervousness, and heat intolerance.

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Calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium levels, promoting calcium storage in bones.

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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Raises blood calcium levels, stimulating calcium release from bones and increasing absorption.

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Hypocalcemia

Low blood calcium causing muscle cramps, spasms, and seizures.

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Hypercalcemia

High blood calcium leading to kidney stones, weakened bones, and fatigue.

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Glycolysis

The first step in cellular respiration where glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules, releasing a small amount of ATP and NADH.

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Pyruvate

A 3-carbon compound produced from the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis.

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Citric Acid Cycle

A series of chemical reactions where pyruvate is further broken down, releasing electrons and producing more ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

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Electron Transport Chain

A series of protein complexes in the mitochondrial membrane that use electrons from NADH and FADH2 to generate a proton gradient, powering ATP production.

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Epiphyseal Plate

The cartilage growth zone in long bones responsible for lengthening. It contains several layers of cells that undergo different stages of development for bone growth.

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ATP Synthase

An enzyme that uses the proton gradient created by the electron transport chain to produce ATP.

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Resting Zone (Epiphyseal Plate)

The outermost layer of the epiphyseal plate containing dormant chondrocytes that anchor the plate to the bone.

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Oxygen in Cellular Respiration

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, combining with electrons and protons to form water.

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Proliferation Zone (Epiphyseal Plate)

Cartilage cells actively divide in this area, increasing the number of cells in the growth plate, contributing to bone lengthening.

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Hypertrophic Zone (Epiphyseal Plate)

Chondrocytes enlarge and mature here. This process prepares them for calcification, where the cartilage will harden.

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Fermentation

An anaerobic process where cells can produce a small amount of ATP in the absence of oxygen, often leading to the production of lactic acid.

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ATP

The primary energy currency of cells, consisting of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.

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Calcification Zone (Epiphyseal Plate)

The cartilage matrix hardens as calcium deposits accumulate. This leads to the death of chondrocytes.

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Ossification Zone (Epiphyseal Plate)

Dead cartilage is replaced with bone tissue, thus lengthening the bone. This is the final stage of bone growth.

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Growth Hormone (GH)

Produced by the pituitary gland, GH stimulates growth of cartilage and bone at the epiphyseal plates. It helps a child grow taller.

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Vitamin D

Essential for calcium absorption from the gut. Deficiency leads to weakened bones, rickets (children), or osteomalacia (adults).

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Plantaris

A small muscle in the calf that assists in plantarflexion (pointing the toes down) and knee flexion (bending the knee).

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Flexor Digitorum Longus

This muscle flexes all the toes (except the big toe) and assists in plantarflexion of the foot.

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Flexor Hallucis Longus

Located in the calf, this muscle specifically flexes the big toe, helps in plantarflexion, and inverts the foot (turning the sole inward).

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Tibialis Posterior

This calf muscle supports the arch of the foot and is involved in both plantarflexion and inversion of the foot.

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Fibularis Longus

This muscle aids in eversion (turning the sole of the foot outward) and plantarflexion.

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Fibularis Brevis

A shorter muscle that helps with eversion and plantarflexion.

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Mitochondria

Often called the 'powerhouse of the cell', these organelles have a double membrane (smooth outer, folded inner) and are responsible for converting nutrients into ATP, the cell's energy currency.

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Study Notes

Summary of Nervous System

  • The nervous system is responsible for coordinating body functions. It does this through nerve impulses.
  • The nervous system has two main divisions: central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Central Nervous System (CNS)

  • The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
  • The brain is responsible for interpreting sensory information, making decisions, and sending motor commands.
  • The spinal cord is the communication highway between the brain and the body.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  • The PNS consists of all the nerves that lie outside the CNS.
  • It connects the CNS to the body's limbs and organs.
  • The PNS is divided into two main systems: somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

  • The SNS controls voluntary movements.
  • It carries sensory information from the skin, muscles, and joints to the CNS.
  • Example: The optic nerve (Cranial Nerve II) carries visual information from the eyes to the brain.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

  • The ANS controls involuntary functions.
  • It has two branches that typically have opposing actions: sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

  • Prepares the body for stressful or emergency situations.
  • General effects: increases heart rate, dilates airways, inhibits digestion, and dilates pupils.
  • Example: When stressed, the sympathetic system increases heart rate and releases adrenaline to prepare for action.

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)

  • Responsible for "rest and digest" activities.
  • General effects: decreases heart rate, constricts airways stimulates digestion, and constricts pupils.
  • Example: After eating, the parasympathetic system will work to get your digestive system working and calm your heart rate and breathing.

Nervous Tissue

  • Nervous tissue is responsible for communication within the body. It consists of neurons and supporting cells called glial cells.
  • Neurons transmit electrical impulses (action potentials).
  • Synapses are gaps between neurons where signals are transferred through neurotransmitters.

Types of Nerve Cells

  • Sensory neurons: Receive signals from sensory receptors and transmit them to the CNS.
  • Motor neurons: Carry signals from the CNS to muscles and glands.
  • Interneurons: Function as connectors within the CNS, linking sensory and motor neurons, and integrating information.
  • There are different types of neurotransmitters.

Membrane Structure

  • The cell membrane is the outer covering of a cell.
  • The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing certain substances to pass while blocking others.
  • The cell membrane has a phospholipid bilayer structure with embedded proteins.
  • Some functions of the cell membrane are selective permeability, protection and support, communication and signal reception, cell recognition, and transport

Mechanisms of Nerve Impulse Transmission

  • Action potential: A rapid change in the electrical charge across the neuron membrane.
  • Stages of action potential: resting potential, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization.
  • Refractory period: The period during which the neuron cannot generate another action potential.

Types of Muscle Contraction

  • Isometric Contraction: Muscle tension develops without visible movement.
  • Isotonic Contraction: Muscle contraction that results in movement.

Types of Muscles

  • Skeletal muscles: Voluntary, striated muscles responsible for body movements.
  • Smooth muscles: Involuntary muscles found in internal organs like the stomach, blood vessels, and intestines.
  • Cardiac muscles: Involuntary, striated muscles responsible for pumping blood.

Joint Movements

  • These movements occur at the ball and socket joints (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation).

Types of Bones

  • Long bones: Femur, humerus
  • Short bones: Carpals, tarsals
  • Flat bones: Cranium, scapulae
  • Irregular bones: Vertebrae, ossicles

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts related to the functions of the eye, including the cornea, retina, and optic nerve, as well as the hormonal regulation of the body. Test your knowledge on the roles of various structures in vision and the endocrine system. It's a great opportunity to reinforce your learning on these important biological concepts.

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