Biology Chapter on Taxonomy
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Biology Chapter on Taxonomy

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Questions and Answers

Taxonomy is specifically the science of naming organisms but not classifying them.

False

The systematics study focuses on the evolutionary history of species.

True

The three-domain system includes Bacteria, Protista, and Eukarya.

False

In binomial nomenclature, the genus name is always an adjective.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carlos Linnaeus introduced a taxonomic hierarchy that includes kingdom as the highest rank.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eukaryotic species are defined as a group of organisms that breed only with organisms from different species.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Southern blotting is used to identify proteins, while Western blotting is used to identify DNA.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phage typing is a method used for the identification of bacterial species.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA fingerprinting and PCR are both methods used to classify newly discovered microbes.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A dichotomous key is a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among organisms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Strain refers to a group of bacterial cells that are all derived from multiple parent cells.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Linnaeus classified all organisms into three kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, and Fungi.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Whittaker’s five-kingdom classification system includes viruses among the organisms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Three Domains system categorizes organisms based on their ribosomal rRNA nucleotide sequences.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemoheterotrophic organisms can produce their own food through photosynthesis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bergey’s Manual is primarily used for the identification of eukaryotic microorganisms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Physical characteristics used for classifying microorganisms include morphology, size, and arrangement of cells.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The EnteroPluri Test is a method that allows for the identification of a wide range of eukaryotic microorganisms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biochemical tests in microbiology rely on the enzymatic activities of microorganisms.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gram positive and Gram negative classifications are based on the presence of a cell wall.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The organism identified by the tests is Escherichia coli.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glucose is a carbohydrate that is tested in the identified microorganism.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phenylalanine is designed to test for urease production.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indole is one of the tests conducted to identify Citrobacter freundii.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The resultant code number from the tests is compared with a computerized listing for identification.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sorbitol is a monosaccharide included in the testing for Citrobacter freundii.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dulcitol is a test that negatively affects the identification of microorganisms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The organism displays positive test results for both H2 S and V–P.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lactose is a polysaccharide tested among the fermentation reactions.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arabinose is not included in the list of tests for Citrobacter freundii.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Citrobacter freundii is capable of using citrate as its sole carbon source.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antigens stimulate the body to form hormones in the serum.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The slide agglutination test is used to assess the interaction between antibodies and pathogens by causing clumping.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The G + C ratio refers to the percentage of guanine and cytosine present in the DNA of an organism.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

ELISA is primarily used for amplifying DNA of microorganisms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Western blotting is a technique that cannot confirm HIV infection.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dichotomous keys are an effective tool for identifying microbes with minimal user input.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

PCR can be used to amplify the DNA of microorganisms that cannot be cultured in laboratory settings.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A higher guanine + cytosine percentage suggests that two organisms are unrelated genetically.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Micrococcus luteus is classified as a gram negative rod.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Taxonomy and Classification

  • Taxonomy involves the classification and naming of organisms.
  • It includes systematics, which studies the evolutionary history (phylogeny) of organisms.
  • A taxon refers to a specific group of organisms, while phylogeny is the evolutionary lineage leading to that group.

Historical Contributions

  • Carl Linnaeus: Developed binomial nomenclature as a two-part naming system using Latin; first part is the genus, second part is the species epithet.
    • Examples: Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae.
  • Established a taxonomic hierarchy: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom.
  • Robert Whittaker: Introduced a five-kingdom classification system, expanding upon Linnaeus's two kingdoms to include Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
  • Carl Woese: Proposed the three-domain system (Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea) based on rRNA sequences.

Two-Kingdom vs. Three-Domain Systems

  • Two-kingdom system: Plantae and Animalia; limited in addressing diversity.
  • Three-domain system recognizes significant genetic differences among organisms, particularly prokaryotes.

Key Characteristics of Domains

  • Bacteria: Prokaryotic, diverse metabolic pathways.
  • Archaea: Extremophiles like methanogens, halophiles, and hyperthermophiles, distinct from bacteria.
  • Eukarya: Contains all eukaryotic organisms, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Scientific Naming and Major Taxa

  • Scientific names provide precise identification, minimizing ambiguity.
  • Major taxa include species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom.

Cultures, Clones, and Strains

  • Culture: Growth of microorganisms in a controlled environment.
  • Clone: Descendants derived from a single parent cell.
  • Strain: Genetic variant within a species, often with specific characteristics.

Characteristics of Multicellular Eukarya

  • Eukarya are differentiated based on cell structure, reproductive strategies, and modes of nutrition (e.g., plants are autotrophic; animals and fungi are heterotrophic).

Definition of Protists

  • Protists are a diverse group of mostly unicellular organisms that can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.

Distinction of Species

  • Prokaryotic species consist of cells with similar characteristics, while eukaryotic species have organisms that interbreed to produce viable offspring.

Bergy’s Manual and Identification Methods

  • Bergey’s Manual: A comprehensive resource aiding in prokaryotic identification.
  • Identification techniques include morphology, biochemical tests, serological analysis, and nucleic acid testing.

Identification Techniques

  • Biochemical Tests: Assess enzymatic activities to identify metabolic capabilities (e.g., fermentation).
  • Serological Tests: Evaluate antigen-antibody reactions to identify bacteria.
    • ELISA and Western blotting are common methods.
  • Nucleic Acid Analysis:
    • DNA base composition compares guanine-cytosine ratios.
    • DNA fingerprinting analyzes restriction enzyme digest patterns.
    • PCR amplifies unknown microbial DNA.

Dichotomous Keys

  • Dichotomous keys guide users through a systematic process to identify organisms based on specific characteristics.
  • Useful for differentiating between species using a step-by-step flowchart approach.

Practical Application

  • Constructing dichotomous keys and utilizing rapid identification tests like the EnteroPluri Test for bacteria demonstrate applied taxonomy in microbiological studies.

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of taxonomy in this quiz, including definitions of taxonomy, taxon, and phylogeny. Discover the contributions of key scientists and the advantages of modern classification systems, including the three-domain system. Test your understanding of the characteristics of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya domains.

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