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Questions and Answers
Taxonomy is specifically the science of naming organisms but not classifying them.
Taxonomy is specifically the science of naming organisms but not classifying them.
False (B)
The systematics study focuses on the evolutionary history of species.
The systematics study focuses on the evolutionary history of species.
True (A)
The three-domain system includes Bacteria, Protista, and Eukarya.
The three-domain system includes Bacteria, Protista, and Eukarya.
False (B)
In binomial nomenclature, the genus name is always an adjective.
In binomial nomenclature, the genus name is always an adjective.
Carlos Linnaeus introduced a taxonomic hierarchy that includes kingdom as the highest rank.
Carlos Linnaeus introduced a taxonomic hierarchy that includes kingdom as the highest rank.
Eukaryotic species are defined as a group of organisms that breed only with organisms from different species.
Eukaryotic species are defined as a group of organisms that breed only with organisms from different species.
Southern blotting is used to identify proteins, while Western blotting is used to identify DNA.
Southern blotting is used to identify proteins, while Western blotting is used to identify DNA.
Phage typing is a method used for the identification of bacterial species.
Phage typing is a method used for the identification of bacterial species.
DNA fingerprinting and PCR are both methods used to classify newly discovered microbes.
DNA fingerprinting and PCR are both methods used to classify newly discovered microbes.
A dichotomous key is a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among organisms.
A dichotomous key is a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Strain refers to a group of bacterial cells that are all derived from multiple parent cells.
Strain refers to a group of bacterial cells that are all derived from multiple parent cells.
Linnaeus classified all organisms into three kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, and Fungi.
Linnaeus classified all organisms into three kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, and Fungi.
Whittaker’s five-kingdom classification system includes viruses among the organisms.
Whittaker’s five-kingdom classification system includes viruses among the organisms.
The Three Domains system categorizes organisms based on their ribosomal rRNA nucleotide sequences.
The Three Domains system categorizes organisms based on their ribosomal rRNA nucleotide sequences.
Chemoheterotrophic organisms can produce their own food through photosynthesis.
Chemoheterotrophic organisms can produce their own food through photosynthesis.
Bergey’s Manual is primarily used for the identification of eukaryotic microorganisms.
Bergey’s Manual is primarily used for the identification of eukaryotic microorganisms.
Physical characteristics used for classifying microorganisms include morphology, size, and arrangement of cells.
Physical characteristics used for classifying microorganisms include morphology, size, and arrangement of cells.
The EnteroPluri Test is a method that allows for the identification of a wide range of eukaryotic microorganisms.
The EnteroPluri Test is a method that allows for the identification of a wide range of eukaryotic microorganisms.
Biochemical tests in microbiology rely on the enzymatic activities of microorganisms.
Biochemical tests in microbiology rely on the enzymatic activities of microorganisms.
Gram positive and Gram negative classifications are based on the presence of a cell wall.
Gram positive and Gram negative classifications are based on the presence of a cell wall.
The organism identified by the tests is Escherichia coli.
The organism identified by the tests is Escherichia coli.
Glucose is a carbohydrate that is tested in the identified microorganism.
Glucose is a carbohydrate that is tested in the identified microorganism.
Phenylalanine is designed to test for urease production.
Phenylalanine is designed to test for urease production.
Indole is one of the tests conducted to identify Citrobacter freundii.
Indole is one of the tests conducted to identify Citrobacter freundii.
The resultant code number from the tests is compared with a computerized listing for identification.
The resultant code number from the tests is compared with a computerized listing for identification.
Sorbitol is a monosaccharide included in the testing for Citrobacter freundii.
Sorbitol is a monosaccharide included in the testing for Citrobacter freundii.
Dulcitol is a test that negatively affects the identification of microorganisms.
Dulcitol is a test that negatively affects the identification of microorganisms.
The organism displays positive test results for both H2 S and V–P.
The organism displays positive test results for both H2 S and V–P.
Lactose is a polysaccharide tested among the fermentation reactions.
Lactose is a polysaccharide tested among the fermentation reactions.
Arabinose is not included in the list of tests for Citrobacter freundii.
Arabinose is not included in the list of tests for Citrobacter freundii.
Citrobacter freundii is capable of using citrate as its sole carbon source.
Citrobacter freundii is capable of using citrate as its sole carbon source.
Antigens stimulate the body to form hormones in the serum.
Antigens stimulate the body to form hormones in the serum.
The slide agglutination test is used to assess the interaction between antibodies and pathogens by causing clumping.
The slide agglutination test is used to assess the interaction between antibodies and pathogens by causing clumping.
The G + C ratio refers to the percentage of guanine and cytosine present in the DNA of an organism.
The G + C ratio refers to the percentage of guanine and cytosine present in the DNA of an organism.
ELISA is primarily used for amplifying DNA of microorganisms.
ELISA is primarily used for amplifying DNA of microorganisms.
Western blotting is a technique that cannot confirm HIV infection.
Western blotting is a technique that cannot confirm HIV infection.
Dichotomous keys are an effective tool for identifying microbes with minimal user input.
Dichotomous keys are an effective tool for identifying microbes with minimal user input.
PCR can be used to amplify the DNA of microorganisms that cannot be cultured in laboratory settings.
PCR can be used to amplify the DNA of microorganisms that cannot be cultured in laboratory settings.
A higher guanine + cytosine percentage suggests that two organisms are unrelated genetically.
A higher guanine + cytosine percentage suggests that two organisms are unrelated genetically.
Micrococcus luteus is classified as a gram negative rod.
Micrococcus luteus is classified as a gram negative rod.
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Study Notes
Taxonomy and Classification
- Taxonomy involves the classification and naming of organisms.
- It includes systematics, which studies the evolutionary history (phylogeny) of organisms.
- A taxon refers to a specific group of organisms, while phylogeny is the evolutionary lineage leading to that group.
Historical Contributions
- Carl Linnaeus: Developed binomial nomenclature as a two-part naming system using Latin; first part is the genus, second part is the species epithet.
- Examples: Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae.
- Established a taxonomic hierarchy: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom.
- Robert Whittaker: Introduced a five-kingdom classification system, expanding upon Linnaeus's two kingdoms to include Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
- Carl Woese: Proposed the three-domain system (Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea) based on rRNA sequences.
Two-Kingdom vs. Three-Domain Systems
- Two-kingdom system: Plantae and Animalia; limited in addressing diversity.
- Three-domain system recognizes significant genetic differences among organisms, particularly prokaryotes.
Key Characteristics of Domains
- Bacteria: Prokaryotic, diverse metabolic pathways.
- Archaea: Extremophiles like methanogens, halophiles, and hyperthermophiles, distinct from bacteria.
- Eukarya: Contains all eukaryotic organisms, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
Scientific Naming and Major Taxa
- Scientific names provide precise identification, minimizing ambiguity.
- Major taxa include species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom.
Cultures, Clones, and Strains
- Culture: Growth of microorganisms in a controlled environment.
- Clone: Descendants derived from a single parent cell.
- Strain: Genetic variant within a species, often with specific characteristics.
Characteristics of Multicellular Eukarya
- Eukarya are differentiated based on cell structure, reproductive strategies, and modes of nutrition (e.g., plants are autotrophic; animals and fungi are heterotrophic).
Definition of Protists
- Protists are a diverse group of mostly unicellular organisms that can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
Distinction of Species
- Prokaryotic species consist of cells with similar characteristics, while eukaryotic species have organisms that interbreed to produce viable offspring.
Bergy’s Manual and Identification Methods
- Bergey’s Manual: A comprehensive resource aiding in prokaryotic identification.
- Identification techniques include morphology, biochemical tests, serological analysis, and nucleic acid testing.
Identification Techniques
- Biochemical Tests: Assess enzymatic activities to identify metabolic capabilities (e.g., fermentation).
- Serological Tests: Evaluate antigen-antibody reactions to identify bacteria.
- ELISA and Western blotting are common methods.
- Nucleic Acid Analysis:
- DNA base composition compares guanine-cytosine ratios.
- DNA fingerprinting analyzes restriction enzyme digest patterns.
- PCR amplifies unknown microbial DNA.
Dichotomous Keys
- Dichotomous keys guide users through a systematic process to identify organisms based on specific characteristics.
- Useful for differentiating between species using a step-by-step flowchart approach.
Practical Application
- Constructing dichotomous keys and utilizing rapid identification tests like the EnteroPluri Test for bacteria demonstrate applied taxonomy in microbiological studies.
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