Biology Chapter on Reproduction and Development
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Questions and Answers

What does the concept of emergent properties refer to?

  • Properties that arise in compound structures and differ from individual components. (correct)
  • The ability of elements to form covalent bonds.
  • The tendency of atoms to lose or gain electrons.
  • Properties that are similar to individual components.
  • Which of the following isotopes is commonly used for carbon dating?

  • Strontium-90
  • Uranium-235
  • Oxygen-16
  • Carbon-14 (correct)
  • What is the periodic table organized by?

  • Increasing atomic mass of the elements.
  • Random arrangement of elements.
  • Increasing atomic number and groups with similar properties. (correct)
  • Decreasing atomic number of the elements.
  • According to the octet rule, what do atoms tend to do?

    <p>Lose, gain, or share electrons to achieve a full valence shell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which particle determines the identity of an element?

    <p>Protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the periodic table structured in terms of electron configuration?

    <p>In columns that reflect similar chemical properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the smallest unit of life that makes up all living organisms?

    <p>Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes isotopes of an element?

    <p>They have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend is generally observed as you move down a column in the periodic table?

    <p>Increasing atomic radius.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes homeostasis?

    <p>The ability to maintain internal balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which regulatory mechanism is associated with maintaining body temperature?

    <p>Thermoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an organ system composed of?

    <p>Different organs working together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a form of sensitivity or response to stimuli?

    <p>Photosynthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic describes evolution in organisms?

    <p>Gradual change leading to new species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of energy processing in living organisms?

    <p>To fuel metabolic activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of biological organization is a group of similar cells performing a specific function?

    <p>Tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main structural characteristic of steroids?

    <p>They are composed of four fused carbon rings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of cholesterol?

    <p>It maintains cell membrane fluidity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do steroid hormones such as testosterone and estrogen play?

    <p>They are involved in reproductive functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond links amino acids in proteins?

    <p>Peptide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which steroid hormone helps regulate immune response?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes anabolic enzymes from catabolic enzymes?

    <p>Anabolic enzymes build more complex molecules while catabolic enzymes break them down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of steroid hormone?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about proteins is correct?

    <p>Proteins can fold into specific three-dimensional shapes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disadvantage of staining cells for microscopy?

    <p>Staining usually kills the cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum magnification of most light microscopes used in college biology labs?

    <p>400 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microscope uses a single convex lens?

    <p>Simple microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the microscope provides stability and support?

    <p>Base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microscopes can achieve magnifications of up to 100,000 times?

    <p>Electron microscopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major requirement for electron microscopes to function effectively?

    <p>They need a vacuum environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the coarse adjustment knob on a microscope?

    <p>For focusing by moving the stage up and down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the condenser lens in a microscope?

    <p>To focus light onto the specimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What resolution can electron microscopes achieve?

    <p>50 picometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microscopic slide is best for observing motile specimens?

    <p>Wet Mount</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the iris diaphragm affect the observation of specimens?

    <p>It regulates the amount of light reaching the specimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of staining in microscopy?

    <p>To enhance contrast and identify structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the terms 'Dry Mount,' 'Wet Mount,' and 'Smear Mount'?

    <p>Methods of preparing specimens for observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is responsible for the initial magnification of a specimen?

    <p>Objective Lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the field diaphragm do in a microscope?

    <p>Regulates the amount of light from the illuminator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes how light elements are essential in microscopy?

    <p>They provide the light needed to view specimens clearly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Reproduction and Development

    • Ensures offspring exhibit characteristics similar to parents.
    • Growth and development essential for species continuity.

    Regulation and Homeostasis

    • Homeostasis maintains internal balance within organisms.
    • Regulatory mechanisms include nutrient transport and blood flow.
    • Thermoregulation is crucial for controlling body temperature.

    Cellular Organization

    • Cells are the smallest unit of life, categorized into prokaryotic and eukaryotic types.
    • Tissues consist of similar cells performing specific functions.
    • Organs are structures formed by different tissues working collaboratively.
    • Organ systems consist of groups of organs performing complex functions.

    Evolution

    • Evolution involves gradual changes leading to the emergence of new species from older ones.

    Isotopes and Periodic Table

    • Isotopes: Variants of elements with the same protons but different neutrons.
    • Carbon-14 dating provides methods to date materials using isotopic composition.
    • The periodic table organizes elements by increasing atomic number and similar properties.

    Chemical Properties

    • Properties of elements largely influenced by outermost electrons.
    • Atoms strive for stability through full outer shells, following the octet rule.
    • Emergent properties arise in compound structures, differing from individual components.

    Steroids and Proteins

    • Steroids are lipids with a core structure of four fused carbon rings; they are hydrophobic.
    • Cholesterol is vital for maintaining membrane fluidity and synthesizing other steroids.
    • Proteins are formed from amino acids linked by peptide bonds, folding into complex shapes.
    • Functions of proteins include enzymatic (catalyzing reactions), catabolic (breaking down substances), and anabolic (building compounds).

    Microscopy Techniques

    • Microscopes are vital for observing cells, magnifying objects and providing clarity.
    • Light microscopes can magnify cells up to 400 times with resolution around 200 nanometers.
    • Electron microscopes offer higher magnification (up to 100,000x) and resolution (50 picometers) but require sample preparation that kills specimens.

    Microscope Components

    • Two basic types: simple (single lens) and compound (multiple lenses).
    • Essential parts include the base for stability, arm for carrying, stage for slides, and various lenses for magnification.
    • Condenser lens enhances illumination and contrast, while iris diaphragm controls light reaching the specimen.

    Slide Preparation Methods

    • Different slides include flat, concave, dry mount, wet mount (for motile specimens), and smear mount (for blood).
    • Staining techniques enhance visibility of cellular structures, aiding identification and observation.

    Role of Extracellular Matrix

    • The intracellular matrix supports internal processes while the extracellular matrix provides structure and facilitates communication between cells.

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