Biology Chapter on Reproduction and Cells

A type of asexual reproduction where an organism duplicates its DNA and divides into two identical organisms.

Asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from a part of the parent organism and eventually detaches.

Asexual reproduction where an organism breaks into pieces, and each piece grows into a new organism.

The ability of an organism to regrow lost or damaged body parts, or in some cases, entire new organisms from body parts.

Reproduction involving the combination of genetic material from two parents. It results in offspring with a blend of traits from both.

A cell containing chloroplasts and a cell wall.

A cell without chloroplasts or cell walls.

Cell division process used in asexual reproduction.

Gametes are released into the water, and fertilization occurs outside the female body.

Fertilization occurs inside the female parent's body.

Transfer of pollen to the female part of a flower.

Giving birth to live young.

Laying eggs.

Fusion of gametes (sex cells) to form a zygote.

The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange in the body. It takes in oxygen, which is needed by cells, and releases carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular processes.

The nasal cavity is the first part of the respiratory system. It warms and humidifies the air we breathe, removes dust and other particles, and lets us smell.

The larynx, or voice box, funnels air to your lungs. It also filters air using cartilage rings and muscles.

Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange happens. Oxygen from inhaled air passes into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood passes into the alveoli to be exhaled.

The diaphragm is a muscle that helps us breathe. When you inhale, it contracts and flattens, making space for your lungs to expand and fill with air.

The process of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide, necessary for cellular respiration.

Gas exchange occurs directly across the cell membrane.

Gas exchange happens through the skin.

Aquatic animals use gills to exchange gases with water.

Terrestrial vertebrates use lungs to exchange gases with air.

Altering an organism's genetic makeup using laboratory techniques to introduce, remove, or modify specific genes.

Genetic engineering can create organisms with desirable new traits, such as increased yield or disease resistance.

Questions about the morality and societal implications of manipulating life, including potential unintended consequences.

Genetically modified organisms might disrupt natural ecosystems or create new problems, like the emergence of resistant pests.

Potential unknown consequences of genetic modifications that could emerge over time, such as allergies or unpredictable mutations.

The stomach is a J-shaped organ that stores food, breaks it down into smaller pieces, and uses digestive juices to break down proteins and lipids. It also kills bacteria with its acidic environment. The partially digested food is called chyme.

The small intestine is where most chemical digestion of food takes place. Enzymes and hormones released by the small intestine itself, the liver, and pancreas break down complex molecules into simpler forms.

The large intestine's main roles are reabsorbing water from waste, temporarily storing waste before elimination, and recycling tissues to form waste products. It's wider than the small intestine.

The liver makes bile, which helps digest fats. It also filters toxins and waste products from the body, including drugs and alcohol.

The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver and releases it into the small intestine when needed. Eating a fatty diet can lead to gallstones.

DNA that has been altered through genetic engineering, often by inserting a new gene.

An organism whose genetic makeup has been deliberately altered through genetic engineering.

A small, circular DNA molecule separate from the main chromosome in bacteria, often used as a vector for delivering genes in genetic engineering.

The complete set of genetic instructions in an organism.

Taking in food through the mouth. Involves processes like cell eating (phagocytosis) or cell drinking (pinocytosis) where food vacuoles are formed.

Breaking down food into smaller components for energy, growth, and repair. Can be mechanical (chewing) or chemical (enzymes).

Allowing the body to take in necessary energy, organic molecules, and essential nutrients from digested food.

Removing waste products from the body, such as urea and ammonia.

The mouth plays a critical role in the initial digestion of food by breaking down food into smaller pieces through chewing.

A technique to make many copies of a specific DNA sequence. It uses enzymes and cycles of heating and cooling to amplify the DNA.

Proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences, like molecular scissors.

A method to separate DNA fragments based on their size. An electric field is applied to a gel matrix, moving smaller fragments faster.

An enzyme that joins DNA fragments together, like glue for DNA.