Biology Chapter on Reproduction
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Questions and Answers

Which group of mammals is known to develop embryos inside the mother?

  • Eutherians (correct)
  • Monotremes
  • Marsupials (correct)
  • Reptiles

What is the function of the seminal vesicle in male insects?

  • To transport sperm to the vagina
  • To produce eggs
  • To store sperm (correct)
  • To produce protective secretions

In the reproductive system of female insects, where do eggs develop?

  • Vagina
  • Accessory glands
  • Oviduct
  • Ovaries (correct)

What role do accessory glands play in female insects after mating?

<p>They add protective secretions to the eggs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is sperm stored in female insects following mating?

<p>In the spermatheca (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes?

<p>Sexual reproduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of asexual reproduction involves a parent organism separating into two or more individuals of similar size?

<p>Fission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing characteristic of semelparity in reproductive strategies?

<p>Single reproductive episode before death (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fertilization occurs when eggs are fertilized in the external environment?

<p>External fertilization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes organisms that produce eggs that hatch inside the mother's uterus?

<p>Ovoviviparity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of hermaphroditism can an organism self-fertilize?

<p>Simultaneous hermaphroditism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a characteristic of internal fertilization?

<p>Sperm fertilizes eggs within the female reproductive tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between oviparity and viviparity?

<p>Oviparity involves laying eggs outside, while viviparity entails no eggs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive strategy typically involves multiple reproductive episodes throughout an organism's life span?

<p>Iteroparity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of gamete is produced by the female's reproductive organs?

<p>Ova (eggs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of estrogen in the female reproductive system?

<p>Involved in ovulation and pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

<p>It undergoes degeneration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the transformation of the corpus luteum after ovulation?

<p>Luteinizing hormone (LH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for conveying the egg to the uterus?

<p>Cilia in the oviduct (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of calcium from internal organelles in the egg during fertilization?

<p>Fusion of sperm and egg membranes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do estrogens secreted by the corpus luteum play in the uterus?

<p>Stimulating endometrial growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the ovarian cycle does ovulation occur?

<p>Follicular phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the acrosome reaction essential for during fertilization?

<p>Preventing other sperm from entering the egg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the seminal vesicles play in male reproduction?

<p>They contribute about 60% of the total volume of semen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during ovulation?

<p>An egg cell is expelled from the follicle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the bulbourethral gland?

<p>To secrete clear mucus that neutralizes acidic urine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about oogenesis?

<p>Primary oocytes remain dormant until fertilization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does sperm maturation primarily occur?

<p>In the epididymis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of semen?

<p>Lactic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of testosterone in males?

<p>To regulate sperm production and secondary sex characteristics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the primary oocyte during ovulation?

<p>It completes its first meiotic division. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for the production of sperm in males?

<p>Seminiferous tubules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following glands secretes its products directly into the urethra?

<p>Prostate gland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Embryonic Development

The development of a young organism within the mother's body.

Viviparous Mammals

All mammals except for monotremes, which are egg-laying mammals.

Insect Reproduction

Insects have distinct male and female individuals with specialized reproductive organs.

Testis (Insect)

The male reproductive organ in insects where sperm is produced.

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Spermatheca

A sac in female insects where sperm is stored after mating.

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Asexual Reproduction

The creation of new individuals from a single parent. Examples include fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis.

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Sexual Reproduction

The union of male and female gametes (sperm and egg) to form a zygote, leading to offspring genetically distinct from the parents.

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Fission

The division of a parent organism into two or more individuals of roughly equal size. Common in invertebrates.

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Budding

A new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud on the parent. Common in invertebrates, like corals.

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Fragmentation

A parent breaks into fragments, and each fragment develops into a new individual. Examples:

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Parthenogenesis

An egg develops into a new individual without being fertilized. Found in some reptiles, insects, and amphibians.

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Semelparity

A reproductive strategy in which an organism has a single reproductive episode during its lifetime, often followed by death.

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Iteroparity

A reproductive strategy in which an organism has multiple reproductive episodes throughout its lifetime.

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External Fertilization

The fusion of gametes occurs outside the body. Examples include fish, amphibians, and some invertebrates.

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Internal Fertilization

The fusion of gametes occurs inside the female reproductive tract. Examples include reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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Testes

The male reproductive organs, responsible for producing sperm and testosterone.

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Seminiferous Tubules

Coiled tubes within the testes where sperm cells are formed.

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Epididymis

A coiled tube on the back of each testis where sperm mature and are stored.

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Vas Deferens

The tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

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Seminal Vesicle

A gland that produces a fluid that makes up about 60% of semen.

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Prostate Gland

A gland located below the bladder that produces a fluid that is part of semen.

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Bulbourethral Gland

A gland located below the prostate that secretes a clear mucus before ejaculation.

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Semen

The mixture of sperm and fluids produced by the accessory glands that is released during ejaculation.

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Testosterone

The male sex hormone responsible for sperm production, secondary sex characteristics, and sex drive.

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Spermatogenesis

The process of sperm development.

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Estrogen

A steroid hormone produced by the ovaries, playing a crucial role in ovulation and pregnancy.

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Progesterone

A steroid hormone produced by the ovaries, preparing the uterus for pregnancy.

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Ovulation

The process of an egg cell being released from the ovary into the abdominal cavity.

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Corpus luteum

The structure formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation, secreting hormones like progesterone and estrogen.

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Luteal phase

The stage of the ovarian cycle after ovulation, where the corpus luteum develops and secretes hormones.

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Fertilization

The process of a sperm cell fusing with an egg cell, initiating embryonic development.

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Acrosome reaction

The reaction triggered when sperm encounters an egg cell, releasing calcium and altering the egg's membrane potential.

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Meiosis

The process of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by half, producing gametes.

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Study Notes

Reproduction

  • Reproduction is the production of offspring either sexually or asexually.
  • Asexual reproduction needs only one parent organism.
  • Sexual reproduction requires two parent organisms, male (sperm) and female (egg) gametes, to form a zygote.

Asexual Reproduction Mechanisms

  • Many invertebrates reproduce asexually via fission.
  • Fission is the separation of a parent into two or more individuals of approximately the same size.
  • Other common asexual reproduction mechanisms in invertebrates include budding and fragmentation.
  • Parthenogenesis is a type of asexual reproduction where an egg develops without being fertilized.

Sexual Reproduction

  • Sexual reproduction involves two parents.
  • Each parent has reproductive organs that produce gametes (reproductive cells).
  • Males have testes that produce sperm.
  • Females have ovaries that produce ova (eggs).

Reproduction Strategies

  • Internal fertilization involves sperm being deposited in or near the female reproductive tract.
  • External fertilization involves eggs being shed by the female and fertilized by sperm in the external environment.
  • Semelparity is a reproductive strategy where organisms have a single reproductive episode before death (e.g., octopus, mayfly, salmon, antechinuses).
  • Iteroparity is a reproductive strategy allowing for multiple reproductive episodes over an organism's life span (e.g., most animals).

Reproductive Cycles and Patterns

  • Most animals exhibit cycles in reproductive activity often related to changing seasons.
  • These cycles are controlled by hormones and environmental cues.

Hermaphroditism

  • Simultaneous hermaphrodites have both male and female reproductive organs with self-fertilization possible.
  • Bluehead wrasses are an example of sequential hermaphrodites; they begin as males and later change their sex to female.

Mammalian Reproduction (Males)

  • The male gonads (testes) consist of coiled tubes (seminiferous tubules).
  • Sperm is formed within the seminiferous tubules.
  • During ejaculation, sperm are propelled through the vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra to exit through the penis.

Mammalian Reproduction (Males): Accessory Glands

  • There are three accessory glands.
  • The seminal vesicles contribute about 60% of semen volume.
  • The prostate gland secretes fluids into the urethra.
  • The bulbourethral glands secrete a mucus before ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine.

Spermatogenesis

  • Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm cell formation in males.
  • It involves mitosis and meiosis.
  • It produces mature sperm from spermatogonia.

Female Reproductive Organs: Ovary

  • The ovaries are the female gonads located in the abdominal cavity.
  • Each ovary contains many follicles consisting of one egg cell surrounded by protective follicle cells.
  • Ovulation is the release of an egg cell from a follicle.
  • The remaining follicular tissue forms a corpus luteum, which secretes hormones.

Oogenesis

  • Oogenesis is the process of egg cell formation in females.
  • It also involves mitosis and meiosis.
  • Oogenesis usually begins before birth but is completed only after fertilization.

Ovaries. Hormones

  • Ovaries produce hormones like estrogen and progesterone, playing critical roles in ovulation, pregnancy, and uterine preparation.

Oviducts and Uterus

  • The egg is released into the abdominal cavity, near the opening of the oviduct (fallopian tube).
  • Cilia in the oviduct convey the egg to the uterus.

Ovarian Cycle

  • Ovulation marks the end of the follicular phase and the start of the luteal phase.
  • The ovarian cycle is controlled by hormonal fluctuations.

Luteal Phase

  • The cells of the ruptured follicle form the corpus luteum after ovulation.
  • LH helps initiate the corpus luteum's transformation, and if the egg is not fertilized, the luteum degenerates.
  • If fertilization happens, the corpus luteum continues to function, secreting hormones like progesterone and estrogen.

Fertilization

  • Acrosome reaction activates the egg.
  • Sperm contact with the egg's plasma membrane triggers calcium release, triggering changes in the egg's membrane potential to prevent other sperm from fusing with the egg.

Gamete Production: Meiosis

  • Both oogenesis and spermatogenesis involve mitosis and meiosis.
  • The processes differ in their timing and the number of functional gametes produced.

Revision Questions

  • Name some forms of asexual reproduction (e.g., fission, budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis).
  • Describe the process of oogenesis and ovulation.
  • List the male's external and internal reproductive organs.

Acknowledgements

  • The majority of text and PowerPoint slides come from Campbell's Biology.
  • Dr. Javier delBarco-Trillo from the School of BEEs prepared the original slides.

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Explore the fascinating mechanisms of reproduction in living organisms. This quiz covers the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction, detailing various strategies such as fission, budding, and internal fertilization. Test your knowledge on how offspring are produced in the biological world.

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