Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following processes occurs during the 1st trimester of pregnancy?
Which of the following processes occurs during the 1st trimester of pregnancy?
Fraternal twins share 100% of their genetic material.
Fraternal twins share 100% of their genetic material.
False
What hormone stimulates the maturation of eggs during the menstrual cycle?
What hormone stimulates the maturation of eggs during the menstrual cycle?
FSH
The ___ is a network of blood vessels that provides the embryo with nutrients and oxygen during the first trimester.
The ___ is a network of blood vessels that provides the embryo with nutrients and oxygen during the first trimester.
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Match the following immune system components with their functions:
Match the following immune system components with their functions:
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What is the main function of the uterus during pregnancy?
What is the main function of the uterus during pregnancy?
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The head of a sperm cell contains enzymes that help penetrate the outer layer of the egg.
The head of a sperm cell contains enzymes that help penetrate the outer layer of the egg.
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What is the main characteristic of identical twins?
What is the main characteristic of identical twins?
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What is the atomic number of an atom?
What is the atomic number of an atom?
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Metalloids have properties similar to only metals.
Metalloids have properties similar to only metals.
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What kind of bond forms when electrons are shared between non-metal atoms?
What kind of bond forms when electrons are shared between non-metal atoms?
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A ______ is a charged particle that forms when an atom loses or gains an electron.
A ______ is a charged particle that forms when an atom loses or gains an electron.
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Match the following groups to their number of valence electrons:
Match the following groups to their number of valence electrons:
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What does an ionic bond involve?
What does an ionic bond involve?
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Acids always need to be dissolved in water to be effective.
Acids always need to be dissolved in water to be effective.
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for starting the menstrual cycle?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for starting the menstrual cycle?
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In humans, the male gender is determined by carrying two X chromosomes.
In humans, the male gender is determined by carrying two X chromosomes.
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What is the main function of the placenta during pregnancy?
What is the main function of the placenta during pregnancy?
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During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, __________ levels rise if fertilization occurs.
During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, __________ levels rise if fertilization occurs.
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Match the following reproductive systems with their primary functions:
Match the following reproductive systems with their primary functions:
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Which stage of labor begins when the cervix is fully dilated?
Which stage of labor begins when the cervix is fully dilated?
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Active immunity is acquired through the direct exposure to pathogens.
Active immunity is acquired through the direct exposure to pathogens.
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What defines a pathogen?
What defines a pathogen?
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The tail of a sperm cell provides __________, allowing it to swim.
The tail of a sperm cell provides __________, allowing it to swim.
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Which of the following statements about the atomic structure is true?
Which of the following statements about the atomic structure is true?
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Metalloids are known for being dull and brittle.
Metalloids are known for being dull and brittle.
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What type of bond forms when electrons are transferred from metal atoms to non-metal atoms?
What type of bond forms when electrons are transferred from metal atoms to non-metal atoms?
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In an ionic bond, a charged particle that results from gaining or losing electrons is called a __________.
In an ionic bond, a charged particle that results from gaining or losing electrons is called a __________.
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Which scientist proposed that electrons move around the nucleus in circular paths?
Which scientist proposed that electrons move around the nucleus in circular paths?
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Cations are negatively charged ions.
Cations are negatively charged ions.
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What is the difference between monoatomic ions and polyatomic ions?
What is the difference between monoatomic ions and polyatomic ions?
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A __________ bond occurs when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
A __________ bond occurs when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
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What happens when a polyatomic anion ends with 'ate'?
What happens when a polyatomic anion ends with 'ate'?
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Study Notes
Seven Characteristics of Life
- Movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, exertion, nutrition are the seven characteristics of life.
Mitosis
- Cell division where one cell divides into two cells.
- Occurs during reproduction, growth, and healing.
Meiosis
- Occurs during reproduction.
- The step before mitosis.
- Results in cells with 23 chromosomes (before sperm and egg unite).
Female Reproductive System
- Ovary: Produces egg cells and estrogen.
- Fallopian tube: Fertilization occurs here, then the fertilized egg is implanted, in the uterus.
- Uterus: Nurtures the developing egg into a fetus.
- Cervix: Opening to the vagina, plays a role in childbirth.
- Vagina: Where the baby exits and sperm enters.
- Hormones: Estrogen and progesterone.
Male Reproductive System
- Testes: Produce sperm and testosterone.
- Epididymis: Stores mature sperm.
- Vas deferens: Transports sperm and mixes it with fluid to form semen.
- Urethra: Tube through which semen passes out.
- Penis: Delivers semen.
- Hormone: Testosterone (influences facial hair, voice).
Sex Chromosome Inheritance
- Egg carries X chromosome.
- Sperm carries X or Y chromosome.
- Determines the sex of the offspring.
Menstrual Cycle
- Menstruation (Day 1-5): Uterus lining sheds.
-
Follicular phase (Day 5-14):
- Follicles (sacs with immature eggs) develop in ovaries.
- FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) stimulates egg maturation.
- Estrogen levels rise.
- Many follicles develop, but only one reaches maturity.
- Ovulation occurs (middle of cycle).
- Ovulation (Day 14): The mature egg is released.
-
Luteal phase (Day 15-28):
- If fertilized, pregnancy develops.
- If not fertilized, the cycle repeats.
- Progesterone levels rise.
Hormones in the Menstrual Cycle
- FSH rises first to stimulate estrogen development, then estrogen triggers the decrease of FSH.
- LH rises mid-cycle for ovulation.
- Progesterone rises after if fertilization does not occurs the cycle continues.
Fertilization
- Egg released from ovary, travels to fallopian tube.
- Meiosis occurs.
- Mitosis (cell division) begins.
- Egg develops into a zygote, then an embryo.
- Embryo implants in the uterine lining and grows.
Pregnancy Stages
-
First trimester (Weeks 1-13):
- Placenta grows.
- Heart, liver, brain, fingers, and toes develop.
- Sex organs differentiate.
-
Second trimester (Weeks 13-28):
- Bones and joints form.
- Muscles (strength and movement).
- Triple increase in size.
- Rapid brain growth.
- Hearing and breathing develop.
-
Third trimester (Weeks 28-40):
- Response to light and sound.
- Lungs mature (fully functional).
- Bones harden.
- Eyes can open and close.
- Dreaming ability develops.
Stages of Labor
-
Stage 1: Dilation (Longest)
- Contractions begin and continue until the cervix dilates fully.
- Early phase: Mild, irregular, shorter contractions.
- Active phase: Increasing pain, quicker contractions, more substantial opening of cervix.
- Transitional phase: Cervix is fully dilated.
- Stage 2: Birth: Duration of 20 minutes to 2 hours.
- Stage 3: Placental Delivery: After birth, contractions to remove the placenta.
Twins
- Fraternal (Dizygotic): Two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm.
- Identical (Monozygotic): A single fertilized egg splits into two embryos.
Sperm Cell
- Head: Acrosome (enzymes for egg penetration), nucleus (DNA).
- Neck: Mitochondria (energy).
- Tail: Mobility.
STIs (Sexually Transmitted Infections)
- Caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites.
- Examples: Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, HIV, HPV, herpes, trichomoniasis.
- Treatment varies by type of infection.
- AIDS caused by HIV.
Human Development Stages
- Infancy (Birth-2 years): Motor skills, language, teeth.
- Childhood (2-Puberty): Growth, language, coordination.
- Adolescence (Puberty-Adulthood): Reproductive maturity.
- Adulthood (Early, middle, late): Aging.
Immune System
- External defenses: Skin, mucus, cilia, tears, saliva, stomach acid, normal flora.
- Internal defenses: White blood cells, antibodies, inflammation, fever, memory cells.
- Types of white blood cells:
- Macrophages (engulf and digest pathogens)
- Killer T-cells (attack infected body cells)
- Helper T-cells (activate other immune cells)
- B-cells (produce antibodies)
- Pathogen: Harmful microorganism.
- Antigen: Foreign substance recognized by the immune system.
- Antibody: Target and destroy antigens.
- Types of white blood cells:
- Active vs. Passive immunity: Difference in how antibodies are produced (memory cells associated with active).
Atomic Theory
- Dalton: Matter is made of atoms; indivisible.
- Thompson: Positive sphere with electrons embedded.
- Rutherford: Dense nucleus, with electrons orbiting.
- Bohr: Electrons orbit in fixed paths.
- Modern: Electrons in electron cloud, neutrons in the nucleus.
Chemistry - Periodic Table
- Atomic number: Number of protons.
- Atomic mass: Number of protons and neutrons.
- Group: Valence electrons.
- Period: Number of electron shells.
- Metals, nonmetals, metalloids.
- Ionic bonds: Transfer of electrons.
- Covalent bonds: Sharing of electrons.
- Molecule: Group of atoms held together by bonds.
- Metallic bonds: Overlapping electron shells.
Chemical Formulas and Ions
- Cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions).
- Monoatomic and polyatomic ions.
- Naming acids (using rules for monoatomic and polyatomic anions). Acids are identified using a root name with either an 'ic' or 'ous' ending followed by the word, acid.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key biological processes that occur during the first trimester of pregnancy, along with fundamental chemistry concepts such as atomic structures and bonding. This quiz will challenge your understanding of twins, hormones, and properties of elements. Ideal for students studying biology and chemistry together.
