Biology Chapter on Photosynthesis
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of photosynthesis?

  • To eliminate excess nutrients from water bodies
  • To release nitrogen and phosphorus into the atmosphere
  • To convert sunlight into thermal energy
  • To produce glucose and oxygen from water and carbon dioxide (correct)

Which part of photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoid membranes?

  • Calvin Cycle
  • Light-Dependent Reactions (correct)
  • Decomposition Phase
  • Water Splitting Phase

What do decomposing bacteria use the dead algae for?

  • To release carbon dioxide
  • To produce oxygen
  • As a source of food (correct)
  • To generate ATP

Which molecule is NOT produced during the Light-Dependent Reactions?

<p>Carbon Dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

<p>It absorbs most visible light, particularly blue and red (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when two or more elements chemically combine?

<p>Chemical Compound (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?

<p>Covalent Bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of water allows it to support small insects on its surface?

<p>Cohesion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of macromolecule is primarily responsible for long-term energy storage?

<p>Lipids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of protons in an atom defines its what?

<p>Atomic Number (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction occurs when monomers are joined to form larger molecules?

<p>Condensation Reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an enzyme's function?

<p>Act as a catalyst to lower activation energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in exothermic reactions?

<p>Energy is released as heat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do isotopes differ from one another?

<p>They have different numbers of neutrons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of water's polarity?

<p>Oxygen end is partially negative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure that links amino acids together?

<p>Peptide Bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements describes the role of valence electrons?

<p>Determine the bonding capacity of an atom (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process by which larger molecules are broken down into smaller units is called what?

<p>Hydrolysis Reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the greenhouse effect?

<p>Heat energy is trapped in the atmosphere by greenhouse gases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes the four seasons experienced on Earth?

<p>The Earth's axial tilt as it orbits the Sun. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of air pressure is associated with precipitation and stormy weather?

<p>Lower-than-average pressure areas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Coriolis Effect responsible for?

<p>Deflecting circulating air due to Earth's rotation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during an El Niño event?

<p>Trade winds weaken, spreading warm water across the Pacific. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes hot air to rise?

<p>Hot air is less dense than cold air. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of ecosystem includes biotic factors and abiotic environments?

<p>Ecosystem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a biotic factor?

<p>Water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences the characteristics of biomes?

<p>Temperature and precipitation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of mountains on precipitation patterns?

<p>They force air to rise and cool, releasing rain on the windward side. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ocean currents in climate regulation?

<p>Ocean currents disperse heat and nutrients throughout the ocean. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes La Niña conditions?

<p>They result in cold water in the eastern Pacific and warmer conditions in the western Pacific. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of a community differ from that of a population?

<p>A community encompasses multiple species that interact in a habitat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the function of upwelling in the ocean?

<p>It brings nutrient-rich water to the surface. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the independent variable in a controlled experiment?

<p>The one factor changed by the scientist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describe qualitative data?

<p>Descriptive data that characterizes an observation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT shared by all living things?

<p>Are multicellular (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do valence electrons play in an atom?

<p>They determine how the atom reacts in chemical reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about scientific methodology is accurate?

<p>It is a general style of investigation that can vary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a scientific theory?

<p>A tested explanation that unifies multiple observations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do living organisms maintain homeostasis?

<p>By achieving stable internal conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What subatomic particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?

<p>Protons and neutrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect climate significantly?

<p>Longitude (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic climate feature of tropical rain forests?

<p>Lots of rain with little temperature variation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vegetation is primarily found in temperate grasslands?

<p>Grasses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major threat do tropical rain forests face?

<p>Deforestation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biome is characterized by long, dark, dry winters and very cold temperatures?

<p>Taiga (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of soil is most commonly found in deserts?

<p>Sandy and porous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which biome would you find trees that shed their leaves seasonally?

<p>Temperate deciduous forest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of the tundra biome?

<p>Permafrost present in the soil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do lakes and ponds primarily differ in?

<p>Volume and temperature variations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which environment is typically characterized by periodic fires and drought-resistant shrubs?

<p>Chaparral/Shrubland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the climate of temperate grasslands?

<p>Hot summers and cold winters with moderate rain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In freshwater biomes, which zone is characterized by minimal light and inhabited by decomposers?

<p>Benthic zone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adaptation of animals in the taiga biome for winter survival?

<p>Hibernation and growing extra insulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of aquatic environment is characterized by running water that follows a permanent path?

<p>River (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of marshes?

<p>Inundated throughout the year (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates?

<p>Photosynthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of ecological pyramid illustrates the relative amount of living organic matter at each trophic level?

<p>Pyramid of Biomass (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the nitrogen cycle, what is the role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

<p>Transform nitrogen gas into ammonia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient cycle includes the largest reservoir being the ocean?

<p>Water Cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary consequence of eutrophication?

<p>Algal blooms that diminish oxygen levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of consumer is characterized by its ability to feed on both plant and animal matter?

<p>Omnivore (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is true about fens compared to bogs?

<p>Fens arise from glacial limestone deposits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of energy is typically available to first-level consumers?

<p>10% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do decomposers play in an ecosystem?

<p>Break down organic matter chemically (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of a salt marsh?

<p>Dominated by salt-tolerant grasses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for the transformation of water vapor into clouds?

<p>Condensation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism primarily feeds on decomposing matter?

<p>Detritivore (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of wetland is characterized by a temporary inundation?

<p>Vernal Pools (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a hypothesis?

A tentative scientific explanation that can be tested further.

What's an independent variable?

The one factor changed by the scientist in an experiment.

What's a dependent variable?

The factor that changes in response to the independent variable in an experiment.

What's a control group?

The group in an experiment that doesn't receive the independent variable.

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What are valence electrons?

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.

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What is an element?

A pure substance made up of only one type of atom.

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What is homeostasis?

Living things maintain a stable internal environment, even as the external environment changes.

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What is evolution?

The process of change over time in a group of organisms.

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Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

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Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

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Chemical Compound

A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements.

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Ionic Bond

A bond formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating ions with opposite charges.

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Covalent Bond

A bond formed when atoms share electrons.

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Van der Waals Forces

Weak intermolecular forces of attraction between molecules due to slight temporary charges.

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Valence Electrons

The electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom that are involved in bonding.

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Polar Molecule

A molecule with an uneven distribution of charge, creating a positive and negative end.

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Hydrogen Bond

A weak bond between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative atom, like oxygen.

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Cohesion

The attraction between molecules of the same substance.

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Adhesion

The attraction between molecules of different substances.

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Surface Tension

The property of water that allows it to resist breaking and form a surface film.

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High Heat Capacity

The ability of water to absorb large amounts of heat energy without significantly changing temperature.

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Excellent Solvent

The ability of water to dissolve many substances, like salt.

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Chemical Reaction

The process by which atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose (a type of sugar) and oxygen.

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Energy Storage in ATP

The energy in the bonds of phosphate groups within ATP is released when the bonds are broken.

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Light-Dependent Reactions

The first stage of photosynthesis, occurring in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where light energy is captured and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, while oxygen is released as a byproduct.

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Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

The second stage of photosynthesis, occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts, where carbon dioxide is used along with ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce glucose.

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Chlorophyll

Green pigments found in chloroplasts that absorb light energy for photosynthesis.

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What is weather?

The day-to-day changes in the Earth's atmosphere, including temperature, precipitation, wind, and cloud cover.

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What is climate?

The long-term average pattern of weather in a specific region, based on data collected over many years.

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What is the greenhouse effect?

The process by which certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap heat energy from the sun, keeping the planet warm enough to support life.

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What causes the seasons?

The Earth's tilted axis causes different parts of the planet to receive varying amounts of sunlight throughout the year, leading to the four seasons.

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Why does hot air rise?

Warm air is less dense than cold air and rises, creating areas of low pressure. Cold air sinks, creating areas of high pressure.

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What is the Coriolis Effect?

The Earth's rotation causes winds to deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.

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What are trade winds?

Winds that blow from east to west between 0 and 30 degrees latitude.

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What are westerlies?

Winds that blow from west to east between 30 and 60 degrees latitude.

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What are polar easterlies?

Winds that blow from east to west above 60 degrees latitude.

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Why is it more likely to rain in areas of low pressure?

Precipitation and storms are more likely in areas of low pressure because rising air carries moisture. As the air cools, the water vapor condenses, forming clouds and rain.

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How do mountains influence weather patterns?

Mountains cause air to rise and cool on the windward side, leading to precipitation. On the leeward side, the descending air warms and becomes dry.

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What is climate change?

Changes in long-term weather patterns, including temperature, precipitation, wind, and extreme weather events.

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What is the Ocean Conveyor Belt?

The movement of warm water from the equator toward the poles, where it cools and sinks. This cold water then travels back towards the equator, completing a cycle.

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What is upwelling?

A process where deep, nutrient-rich water from the ocean floor is brought to the surface, often by winds or ocean currents.

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What is El Niño?

A climate pattern in the Pacific Ocean characterized by warmer-than-normal surface temperatures and reduced upwelling in the eastern Pacific.

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Latitude

The distance north or south from the equator. Impacts temperature and precipitation.

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Altitude

The height of an object above a reference point, like sea level. Affects temperature and precipitation.

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Tropical Rainforest

A biome with high biodiversity, found near the equator. Characterized by high rainfall and little temperature variation.

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Temperate Deciduous Forest

A biome dominated by deciduous trees, found in mid-latitude regions. Characterized by ample rainfall and distinct warm summers and cold winters.

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Taiga (Boreal Forest)

A biome dominated by coniferous trees, found in cold, northern regions. Characterized by long, cold winters with low precipitation and short, cool summers with some rainfall.

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Temperate Grassland

A biome dominated by grasses, found on interiors of continents. Characterized by hot summers and cold winters, with moderate rainfall and periodic fires.

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Tropical Seasonal (Dry) Forest

A biome characterized by drought-resistant grasses and trees, found in tropical and subtropical regions. Characterized by hot temperatures and alternating wet and dry seasons.

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Savanna (Tropical Grassland / Scrubland)

A biome dominated by grasses with scattered trees, found in tropical and subtropical regions. Characterized by hot temperatures, dry climates, and frequent fires.

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Chaparral / Shrubland

A biome dominated by shrubs, found in coastal regions. Characterized by mild temperatures, hot summers, mild winters, and periodic fires.

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Desert

A biome characterized by extreme temperatures and long periods of drought, found near large mountain ranges or in continental interiors. Dominated by succulent plants.

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Tundra

A treeless plain found in the Arctic or Antarctic. Characterized by long, cold winters and short, cool summers, with permafrost (permanently frozen soil).

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Salinity

The amount of dissolved salts in a body of water. Affects the types of organisms that can survive.

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Temperature

The temperature of a body of water. Affects the rate of chemical reactions and the organisms that can survive.

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Nutrient Availability

The amount of nutrients available in a body of water. Affects the growth of organisms.

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Depth

The depth of a body of water. Affects the amount of light that reaches the bottom and the types of organisms that can survive.

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Marshes

Open, sunny areas that are inundated throughout the year and dominated by herbaceous, shade-intolerant vegetation.

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Swamps

Wetlands that are inundated throughout the year and characterized by woody vegetation, shade-tolerant herbaceous understory, and some shade.

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Vernal Pools

Small, temporary wetlands that often fill with water in the spring and dry up in the summer.

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Fens

Peat-forming wetlands that are alkaline (basic). They are often located near glacial limestone deposits.

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Bogs

Peat-forming wetlands that are often acidic due to ombrotrophy (water from rain only). They are dominated by sphagnum mosses.

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Intertidal Zone

The area of the ocean where the shoreline meets the water and is exposed to the tides' fluctuations.

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Coastal Ocean

The shallow zone of the ocean that receives enough sunlight for photosynthesis to occur.

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Open Ocean

The vast, deep zone of the ocean where sunlight only reaches the surface layer.

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Salt Marsh

Temperate latitude wetlands dominated by salt-tolerant grasses.

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Mangrove Forest

Tropical and subtropical wetlands characterized by trees with salt-tolerant roots.

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Chemosynthesis

The process that uses energy from chemical reactions to produce carbohydrates in places where sunlight is absent.

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Consumers

Organisms that consume other organisms for energy and nutrients.

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Scavengers

Organisms that obtain energy from consuming dead animals.

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Decomposers

Organisms that break down dead organic matter and return nutrients to the ecosystem.

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Study Notes

Science

  • Science answers questions about observable, researchable, investigable, and measurable phenomena.
  • Science uses evidence to create testable explanations and predictions about natural events.
  • Scientific methodology is a flexible approach to investigation, not a strict process.
  • Observation involves noticing and describing events in an organized manner.
  • Inference is a logical interpretation based on existing knowledge.
  • A hypothesis is a testable scientific explanation.
  • A scientific theory is a well-tested explanation unifying many observations.

Designing Controlled Experiments

  • Experiments measure variables (factors that change).
  • Independent variable is the factor changed by the researcher.
  • Dependent variable changes in response to the independent variable.
  • Control group lacks the independent variable.
  • Controlled variables/constants remain constant.
  • Quantitative data are measured numerically.
  • Qualitative data are descriptive.

Peer Analysis and Feedback

  • Scientific papers are published to stimulate further research and questions.
  • Peer review strengthens the credibility of scientific findings.

Characteristics of Living Things

  • Living things exhibit these shared characteristics: made of cells, reproduction (sexual or asexual), universal genetic code, growth and development, response to stimuli, homeostasis, and evolution.

Are Viruses Alive?

  • Viruses do not meet characteristics of living organisms (cells, reproduction, etc.)
  • Viruses need a host cell to reproduce. Therefore, they don't exhibit independent life processes.

Atoms & Compounds

  • Atoms consist of protons (+), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (-).

  • Valence electrons determine an atom's chemical behavior.

  • An element is a pure substance with one type of atom.

  • Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom (e.g., carbon's atomic number is 6.).

  • Isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons; some are radioactive.

  • A chemical compound is a substance formed by the chemical combination of elements.

  • Ionic Bonds: Formed by electron transfer (e.g., sodium loses to chlorine).

  • Covalent Bonds: Formed by shared electrons (e.g., hydrogen and oxygen in water).

  • Van der Waals Forces: Weak attractions between molecules due to temporary charges.

  • Atoms' bonding capacity is determined by their number of valence electrons. (Ex: Carbon (4), Hydrogen(1), Oxygen(2))

Water

  • A water molecule contains 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen atoms.
  • Water's polarity causes uneven charge distribution (oxygen partial negative, hydrogen partial positive).
  • Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules, based on polarity.
  • Water exhibits cohesion (attraction between like molecules; surface tension due to cohesion).
  • Adhesion is water's attraction to unlike molecules (water rising in tubes).
  • Water's a curved surface in a container is called a meniscus
  • Water has high heat capacity, which helps regulate temperature.
  • Water is an excellent solvent, dissolving ionic and polar molecules.

Carbon & Macromolecules

  • Carbon is vital for biological molecules.
  • Major macromolecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
  • Organic compounds contain carbon.
  • Macromolecules are polymers formed from monomers.
  • Carbohydrates: Composed of C, H, and O (1:2:1 ratio); energy source and structure; Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose) -> Polysaccharides (e.g., glycogen, starch, cellulose).
  • Lipids: Composed of C, H, and O; energy storage; Fatty acids (and glycerol) -> Triglycerides.
  • Nucleic Acids: Composed of C, H, O, N, and P; store and transmit genetic information; Mononucleotides -> Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA).
  • Proteins: Composed of C, H, O, and N; structural support, transport, signaling, and speed up reactions; Amino acids -> Proteins.
  • Condensation reactions (dehydration reactions) join monomers to form polymers.
  • Hydrolysis reactions break down polymers into monomers.
  • Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

Enzymes

  • Chemical Reactions: Atoms are reorganized into new substances.
  • Chemical bonds are broken/formed during reactions.
  • Clues that a reaction has occurred include heat/light production, gas/liquid/solid formation.
  • Reactants are starting substances, products the substances produced.
  • Chemical Equations: Describe substances and changes via arrows.
  • Activation energy is the minimum energy needed for reactions to occur that enzymes can lower.
  • Exothermic reactions release heat; endothermic reactions absorb heat.
  • Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate reaction rates, without being used up in the process. They are specific to one reaction.
  • Substrates bind to the active site (specific location).
  • Temperature and pH influence enzyme activity. Denaturation alters enzyme shape, hindering functionality.

Climate and Weather

  • Weather is the short-term atmospheric condition.
  • Climate is the long-term pattern of weather.
  • The Greenhouse effect traps heat energy in the atmosphere. (causes an average temperature allowing for life on Earth.)
  • Seasons are caused by Earth's tilted axis and its revolution around the sun.

Atmospheric Cells, Wind & Rain

  • Convection: Warm air rises, cools, sinks.
  • The Coriolis effect deflects moving air.
  • Trade winds blow east to west in tropical zones.
  • Westerlies blow west to east in temperate zones.
  • Polar easterlies blow east to west in polar zones.
  • Precipitation is more likely in low-pressure areas.
  • Mountains affect wind patterns and precipitation.

Biosphere

  • Organism: an independently living thing/species.
  • Population: a group of the same species (interbreeding).
  • Community: multiple species interacting.
  • Ecosystem: species interacting with their non-living environment.
  • Biosphere: entire planet with all organisms and environments.
  • Biotic factors are living components (plants, animals, etc.)
  • Abiotic factors are non-living components (air, water, etc.).
  • Biomes are large communities determined by climate.

Biome Descriptions (Characteristics, Climate, Soil, Threat, Biotic)

  • (Detailed descriptions provided for 10 biomes)*

Factors Influencing Aquatic Organisms

  • Salinity, temperature, nutrient availability, depth, turbidity, and currents.

Types of Freshwater Biomes

  • Includes streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, and wetlands (Marshes, swamps, fens, bogs, vernal pools)

Saltwater Biomes

  • Includes intertidal zone, coastal ocean, open ocean, salt marshes, and mangrove forests.
  • Estuary is a mix of freshwater and saltwater

Food Webs

  • Producers make their own food (photosynthesis or chemosynthesis).
  • Consumers depend on other organisms.
  • Herbivores eat plants; carnivores eat animals; omnivores eat both.
  • Scavengers consume carcasses; detritivores eat dead organic matter.
  • Decomposers break down organic matter.
  • Food webs show interconnections of food chains.
  • Energy and biomass decrease at each trophic level.

Nutrient Cycles

  • Water Cycle: Evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, runoff, seepage.
  • Carbon Cycle: Photosynthesis, cellular respiration, deforestation, combustion, etc.
  • Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, denitrification.

Phosphorus Cycle:

  • Weathering, assimilation, decomposition, sedimentation.

Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis converts water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
  • The process occurs in the chloroplasts
  • Two main stages: light-dependent (thylakoid) and light-independent (Calvin cycle, stroma).

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Test your knowledge on the essential processes of photosynthesis with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as light-dependent reactions, the role of chlorophyll, and the importance of decomposing organisms in the ecosystem. Perfect for biology enthusiasts and students alike!

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