Biology Chapter on Osmosis and Organisms

The smallest unit of a concept that can be understood and memorized

Active recall enhances memory better than rereading.

Building new knowledge upon previous concepts.

Technique to aid in information recall.

Learning tool with a question on one side; answer on the other.

Brief, clear explanation of a concept.

Actively trying to remember information

The most essential ideas in a topic.

Detailed, individual core concepts

Memory aiding techniques.

Organism that thrives in high salt concentrations.

Organism that thrives in high sugar concentrations.

Solution with higher solute concentration than a cell.

Solution with lower solute concentration than a cell.

Cell membrane pulling away from the cell wall due to water loss.

Water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

Water moves into the cell, causing it to swell.

Water moves in and out of the cell at equal rates, no change in size.

A cell loses water and shrinks.

A cell gains water and swells.

Antiseptics prevent infection on living tissues by inhibiting or killing microorganisms without necessarily sterilizing, reducing microbial load.

Disinfectants prevent or control infections on non-living surfaces by killing or inhibiting microorganisms, reducing contamination.

The specific amount needed for an antiseptic or disinfectant to be effective, varying by the agent, microbe target, and organic matter, expressed as percentages or dilutions.

Antiseptics have lower effective concentrations than disinfectants due to potential tissue damage at higher concentrations.

Disinfectants can tolerate higher concentrations due to their application on inanimate objects, can be effective over a range of concentrations.

Common antiseptic types include alcohols (ethyl, isopropyl), halogens (chlorine, iodine), and phenols.

Common disinfectant types include bleach (sodium hypochlorite), quaternary ammonium compounds, and aldehydes (glutaraldehyde).

Contact time, temperature, and the material being treated affect the effectiveness of antiseptics and disinfectants, concentration must be adjusted accordingly.

Drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.

A lab technique to determine which antibiotics are effective against a specific bacteria.

The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method measures bacterial sensitivity to different antibiotics.

A lab technique used to find best antibiotic to kill or stop growth of bacteria.

The prevention of bacteria multiplication caused by resistance to antibiotics.

Antibiotics target bacteria specifically; antimicrobics target a broader range of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

An antibiotic that is effective against a limited range of bacteria.

An antibiotic effective against a wide variety of bacteria.

Specific processes in bacterial cells, like their cell wall construction or protein synthesis.

Interfering with bacterial growth, often by inhibiting the synthesis of vital compounds for bacteria.

The sum of all chemical reactions in a living organism, including building (anabolism) and breaking down (catabolism) molecules.

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.

Enzymes that function inside the cell that produces them.

Enzymes that function outside the cell that produces them.

A chemical reaction where a substance loses electrons.

Tests used to identify bacteria based on their ability to ferment sugars, producing acid and gas.

A test that identifies bacteria based on the production of various acids (like lactic, acetic, formic acid) during sugar fermentation.

A test determining if a bacteria produces the enzyme catalase, which breaks down hydrogen peroxide.

A test to detect bacteria that contain the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase, involved in electron transport

Groups of bacteria that possess the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase, which is involved in electron transport.