Biology Chapter on Osmosis and Diffusion
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Questions and Answers

The movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration is called ______.

diffusion

What is osmosis?

Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

Which of the following is an example of passive transport?

  • Endocytosis
  • Active transport
  • Exocytosis
  • Diffusion (correct)

    • What is a semipermeable membrane?

    <p>A semipermeable membrane is a membrane that allows some substances to pass through while blocking others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

    <p>The cell swells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive control?

    <p>A positive control is a test that you expect to work, demonstrating a known result.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an enzyme?

    <p>An enzyme is a protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an enzyme function?

    <p>Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur, acting like a &quot;helper.&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can affect enzyme activity?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are optimal conditions for enzyme function?

    <p>Optimal conditions for enzyme function are the specific temperature and pH at which an enzyme works best, maintaining its shape and activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an inhibitor?

    <p>An inhibitor is a molecule that slows down or stops the activity of an enzyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inhibitor blocks the active site of an enzyme?

    <p>Competitive inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inhibitor changes the shape of an enzyme?

    <p>Non-competitive inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can enzyme activity be measured?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is aerobic respiration?

    <p>Aerobic respiration is a process that uses oxygen to break down glucose into energy (ATP).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does aerobic respiration take place?

    <p>Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the waste products of aerobic respiration?

    <p>The waste products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the waste products of anaerobic respiration in animals?

    <p>Lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the waste products of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of respiration produces more energy?

    <p>Aerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fermentation?

    <p>Fermentation is a process that occurs when no oxygen is available and involves the breakdown of glucose to produce energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the waste products of fermentation in animals?

    <p>Lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the waste products of fermentation in yeast?

    <p>Alcohol and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do we measure aerobic respiration?

    <p>Aerobic respiration is typically measured by oxygen use or carbon dioxide production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an absorbance spectrum?

    <p>An absorbance spectrum is a graph that shows how much light a pigment absorbs at different wavelengths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an action spectrum?

    <p>An action spectrum shows the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the action spectrum and the absorbance spectrum related?

    <p>The action spectrum closely aligns with the absorbance spectrum, as pigments that absorb more light at certain wavelengths drive photosynthesis more effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can you determine a pigment's color based on its absorbance spectrum?

    <p>A pigment's color is the light it reflects, not the light it absorbs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a plant is exposed to light?

    <p>Photosynthesis occurs, producing oxygen and glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a plant is kept in the dark?

    <p>Only respiration occurs, consuming oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chloroplasts in photosynthesis?

    <p>Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis, capturing light energy and converting it into chemical energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following wavelengths of light is most effectively absorbed by chlorophyll?

    <p>Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following happens during mitosis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of mitosis do chromosomes line up at the center of the cell?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of mitosis does the cytoplasm divide, resulting in two daughter cells?

    <p>Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a difference between plant and animal mitosis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a histogram?

    <p>A histogram is a type of graph that shows the distribution of data using bars to represent the frequency of data within certain ranges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is TRUE about a histogram?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average?

    <p>The average, or mean, is a measure of the central tendency of a dataset, calculated by summing all values and dividing by the number of values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard deviation?

    <p>The standard deviation is a measure of how spread out data points are from the mean.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does meiosis occur?

    <p>Meiosis occurs in germ cells, which are specialized cells that give rise to gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is meiosis essential for sexual reproduction?

    <p>Meiosis ensures that offspring inherit the correct number of chromosomes by reducing the chromosome number in gametes, which is necessary for the proper functioning of the offspring's cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent, that are similar in shape, size, and genetic content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is independent assortment?

    <p>Independent assortment is the random distribution of homologous chromosomes into gametes during meiosis I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a pedigree?

    <p>A pedigree is a family tree that shows the inheritance of traits across generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a dominant trait?

    <p>A dominant trait appears in every generation and only needs one copy of the allele to show the trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recessive trait?

    <p>A recessive trait may skip generations and requires two copies of the allele to show the trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are X-linked traits?

    <p>X-linked traits are traits that are carried on the X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines an individual's blood type?

    <p>The presence of antigens on red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a phenotype?

    <p>A phenotype is the observable physical or biochemical characteristic of an individual, determined by their genotype and environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Rh factor?

    <p>The Rh factor is a protein found on the surface of red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many microliters are in 1 milliliter?

    <p>1 milliliter (mL) is equal to 1,000 microliters (µL).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are restriction enzymes?

    <p>Restriction enzymes are proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences called recognition sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recognition site?

    <p>A recognition site is a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA where a restriction enzyme cuts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gel electrophoresis?

    <p>Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does gel electrophoresis work?

    <p>DNA fragments are loaded into a gel matrix and subjected to an electric field. The smaller fragments move faster through the gel than the larger fragments, allowing separation based on size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Osmosis vs. Diffusion

    • Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration (e.g., oxygen spreading).
    • Osmosis: Movement of water across a membrane from low to high solute concentration.

    Concentration Gradients

    • Cells use gradients to move substances.
      • Passive transport: Moves substances from high to low concentration; no energy needed.
      • Active transport: Moves substances from low to high concentration; needs energy.

    Semipermeable Membrane

    • A membrane that only allows certain things, like water, to pass through; not large molecules.

    Hypotonic, Isotonic, and Hypertonic Solutions

    • Hypotonic: More water outside the cell; water enters, causing swelling.
    • Isotonic: Same amount of water inside and outside; cell stays the same.
    • Hypertonic: More water inside the cell; water leaves, causing shrinking.

    Positive and Negative Controls

    • Positive control: Expected to work (known result).
    • Negative control: Expected not to work (no result).

    Enzymes

    • Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body.
    • They work by lowering the energy needed for the reaction to happen, acting as "helpers".

    Factors Affecting Enzyme Function

    • Temperature: Too high or low reduces activity or damages the enzyme.
    • pH: Enzymes work best at a specific pH; too acidic or basic stops them.
    • Substrate concentration: More substrate increases activity, but only up to a certain point.
    • Optimal conditions: Enzymes function best at their specific temperature and pH as these conditions keep their shape stable.

    Inhibitors

    • Inhibitors are molecules that slow down or stop enzyme activity.
      • Competitive inhibitors: Block the active site.
      • Non-competitive inhibitors: Change the enzyme's shape.

    Measuring Enzyme Activity

    • Enzyme activity is measured by tracking how quickly the product is made or how quickly the substrate is used up (e.g., watching bubbles form when enzymes break down hydrogen peroxide).

    Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration

    • Aerobic respiration:
      • Uses oxygen to break down glucose into energy (ATP).
      • Happens in the mitochondria.
      • Produces carbon dioxide and water as waste.
    • Anaerobic respiration:
      • Does not use oxygen.
      • Happens in the cytoplasm.
      • Produces less ATP and waste products like lactic acid (in animals) or alcohol and CO2 (in yeast).

    Fermentation

    • Happens when no oxygen is available.
      • Animals produce lactic acid.
      • Yeast produces alcohol and CO2.
    • Tested by measuring CO2 bubbles or alcohol content.

    Respiration in Boiled vs. Live Peas

    • Live peas: Active respiration, producing CO2.
    • Boiled peas: No respiration; enzymes destroyed by heat.

    Respiration in Yeast with Different Sugars

    • Simple sugars break down faster, producing more CO2 than complex sugars.

    Absorbance Spectrum vs. Action Spectrum

    • Absorbance Spectrum: Shows how much light a pigment absorbs at different wavelengths.
    • Action Spectrum: Shows the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light.
      • Pigments that absorb more light at certain wavelengths are more involved in photosynthesis.

    How to Determine a Pigment's Color

    • A pigment's color is the light it reflects, not absorbs.

    Photosynthetic Rate Under Different Light Conditions

    • Light: Photosynthesis occurs, producing oxygen.
    • No light: Only respiration happens, using oxygen.
    • Red light: High photosynthesis rate; chlorophyll absorbs red light well.
    • Green light: Low photosynthesis rate; chlorophyll reflects green light.

    Cellular Level Photosynthesis/Respiration

    • With light: Chloroplasts make ATP and NADPH (for the Calvin cycle).
    • Without light: Respiration breaks down stored sugars for energy.

    Difference between Osmosis and Diffusion

    • Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration; does not need a semipermeable membrane.
    • Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration.

    Parts of a Microscope, Using a Microscope, and How to Properly Use It

    • Eyepiece (ocular lens): Looking through the microscope.
    • Objective lenses: Different magnification levels (4x, 10x, 40x, 100x)
    • Stage: Where the slide is placed
    • Coarse and fine focus knobs: Adjusting the focus
    • Diaphragm: Controls light amount
    • Condenser lens: Focuses light on the specimen
    • Base and arm: Support the microscope.
    • How to use: Start with lowest magnification, secure the slide, adjust coarse focus, and fine focus.

    Stages of Mitosis

    • Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibers form
    • Metaphase: Chromosomes align in the center of the cell.
    • Anaphase: Sister chromatids are separated.
    • Telophase: Two new nuclear membranes form around the separated chromosomes.
    • Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm splits, creating two daughter cells

    Plant vs. Animal Mitosis

    • Plant cells: Form a cell plate during cytokinesis
    • Animal cells: Form a cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. -Centrioles are present in animal cells but not plant cells.

    Histograms

    • Histograms display data's distribution using bars; x-axis = data ranges/categories. y-axis = frequency of values within each range. Height shows the frequency of a value occurring..

    Calculation of the Mean/Average and Standard Deviation

    • Average (Mean): Sum of all values divided by the number of values
    • Standard Deviation: Measures how spread out data is from the average.

    Meiosis

    • Meiosis I: Haploid cells are formed; homologous chromosomes separate.
    • Meiosis II: Sister chromatids separate, resulting in four geneticaly unique haploid cells.

    Homologous Chromosomes

    • Similar structure (size, shape) and genetic content.
    • One chromosome from each parent pairs up during meiosis.

    Pedigrees

    • Family tree showing trait inheritance across generations.
    • Dominant traits: Appear in every generation; only one copy needed.
    • Recessive traits: May skip some generations; need two copies of the allele.
    • X-linked traits: Primarily affect males; males have one X chromosome.
    • Autosomal traits: Affect males and females equally.

    Blood Typing

    • Blood type is determined by antigens on red blood cells.
      • A type has A antigen and anti-B antibodies.
      • B type has B antigen and anti-A antibodies.
      • AB type has A and B antigens, no antibodies.
      • O type has no antigens, anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
    • Genotypes (e.g., AA or AO) determine blood type.
    • O is universal donor; AB is universal recipient.

    Rh Factor

    • Protein on red blood cells, either present or absent (Rh+ or Rh-).
    • Important in blood transfusions and in cases of mother-child incompatibility.

    Converting Microliters to Milliliters

    • 1 milliliter = 1000 microliters

    Restriction Enzymes

    • Enzymes that cut DNA at specific recognition sites.
    • Used in genetic engineering, cloning, and DNA analysis.

    Gel Electrophoresis

    • Separates DNA fragments based on size.
    • Negatively charged DNA moves toward the positive end of the gel; smaller move faster.
    • Used in DNA profiling, identifying mutations, and comparing samples.

    Separating Molecules in Gel

    • Smaller molecules move faster than larger molecules through the gel matrix.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on osmosis and diffusion with this quiz. Explore concepts like concentration gradients, semipermeable membranes, and the effects of different solutions on cells. Understand the roles of passive and active transport in cellular processes.

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