Biology Chapter on Mitosis

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary product of mitosis?

  • Four haploid cells
  • Two diploid cells (correct)
  • Two haploid cells
  • One diploid cell

Haploid cells have two sets of chromosomes.

False (B)

What are homologous chromosomes?

Chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic constitution but may carry different alleles.

A somatic cell contains ______ chromosomes in pairs, represented by 2n.

<p>diploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Mitosis = Cell division producing identical cells Meiosis = Cell division producing gametes Diploid = Cell with two sets of chromosomes Haploid = Cell with one set of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is responsible for the visible chromosomes during cell division?

<p>Chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phases constitute the cell cycle?

<p>Interphase and M phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the spindle during mitosis?

<p>It provides the framework for chromosome movement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During anaphase, sister chromatids remain attached to each other.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure forms between the two newly created nuclei in plant cells during cytokinesis?

<p>cell plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gametes are reproductive cells that have half the ________ number of chromosomes.

<p>diploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the phases of mitosis with their descriptions:

<p>Prophase = Chromosomes condense and become visible. Metaphase = Chromosomes line up at the cell's midplane. Anaphase = Sister chromatids separate and move to poles. Telophase = Chromosomes uncoil and become less distinct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the G1 phase of Interphase?

<p>Cell growth and preparation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitosis and meiosis occur during the interphase stage of the cell cycle.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of apical meristems in plants?

<p>To allow the production and elongation of new cells, increasing the length of stems and roots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The stage between successive cell divisions is known as _________.

<p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phases with their function:

<p>G1 Phase = Cell growth and preparation S Phase = DNA duplication G2 Phase = Preparation for mitosis M Phase = Cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the G2 phase of Interphase?

<p>Period of cell growth after DNA replication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meristems in plants are only found at the roots.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do chromosomes undergo duplication?

<p>S Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _________ meristems produce additional wood and bark tissues.

<p>lateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of translation in the process of protein synthesis?

<p>To synthesize proteins from an mRNA template (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitosis results in the formation of four distinct cells from a single parent cell.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the four stages of mitosis.

<p>Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

During __________, the nuclear envelope breaks apart.

<p>prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their functions in mitosis:

<p>Centromere = Specialized region where sister chromatids are joined Kinetochore = Attachment point for mitotic spindle fibers Microtubules = Function in chromosome distribution Chromatin = Condenses to form visible chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during prophase?

<p>Chromosomes become visible and condense (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Protein synthesis occurs throughout all stages of mitosis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What maintains the equal distribution of chromosome content during mitosis?

<p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each chromosome consists of two identical halves called __________.

<p>sister chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cell cycle indicates the completion of interphase?

<p>M phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells undergo DNA replication during the G2 phase.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the S phase in Interphase?

<p>To duplicate the nucleus and synthesize DNA and proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ phase is where cells may choose to rest instead of preparing for division.

<p>G0</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the phase of Interphase with its description:

<p>G1 = Pre-synthesis phase with cell growth S = DNA and protein synthesis phase G2 = Post-synthesis phase, preparing for division G0 = Resting phase with no preparation for division</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA?

<p>Transcription (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During G2 phase, the nucleus contains only one nucleolus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is semi-conservative replication in the context of DNA replication?

<p>It is the process where each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one new strand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______ stage of the G0 phase refers to cells that permanently stop dividing.

<p>senescent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelles are mentioned as being produced during the G2 phase?

<p>Mitochondria and chloroplasts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Cycle

The process by which cells divide and produce new cells, essential for growth and development.

Interphase

The period when a cell is not actively dividing, but is preparing for division. It includes three phases: G1, S, and G2.

M phase

The period when a cell actively divides, it is divided into two phases: mitosis and cytokinesis.

Chromosome

A thread-like structure found in the nucleus of a cell that contains genetic information in the form of DNA.

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Chromosome Number

The number of chromosomes present in a cell. It's specific for each species.

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Homologous Chromosomes

A pair of chromosomes that have the same size, shape, and carry genes for the same traits. They come from each parent.

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Diploid Cell

A cell that contains two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. Represented by 2n.

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Haploid Cell

A cell that contains only one set of chromosomes. Represented by n.

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Mitosis

A type of cell division that produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. Used for growth and repair.

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Meiosis

A type of cell division that produces four daughter cells that are genetically different from the parent cell. Used for sexual reproduction.

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Generation Time

The time it takes for a cell to complete one round of the cell cycle.

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Gap 1 (G1) Phase

The phase where the cell prepares for DNA replication, grows, and produces proteins needed for the next phase.

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Synthesis (S) Phase

The stage where DNA replication occurs, ensuring each daughter cell receives a complete copy of the genetic material.

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Gap 2 (G2) Phase

The final stage of interphase where the cell prepares for division, grows, and produces more proteins and organelles.

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Meristems

Localized areas of the plant body where mitosis and cytokinesis occur frequently, responsible for plant growth.

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Apical Meristems

Meristems located at the tips of roots and shoots, responsible for increasing the length of the plant.

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Lateral Meristems

Meristems found in cylindrical regions of stems and roots, responsible for increasing the girth (width) of the plant.

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G1 Phase (Gap 1)

The first stage of interphase, characterized by cell growth, organelle duplication, and preparation for DNA replication.

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S Phase (Synthesis)

The stage of interphase where DNA replication occurs, ensuring each daughter cell receives a complete copy of the genome.

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G2 Phase (Gap 2)

The final stage of interphase, where the cell continues to grow, produces proteins and organelles, and prepares for cell division.

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G0 Phase (Gap Zero)

A state where cells pause their cell cycle and do not actively prepare for division.

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DNA Replication

The process of creating an exact copy of a DNA molecule, ensuring each daughter cell receives a complete genetic blueprint.

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Transcription

The transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA, using RNA polymerase as a catalyst.

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Translation

The process where the genetic code in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to build proteins.

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Mitotic Spindle

The structure consisting mainly of microtubules that provides the framework for chromosome movement during cell division.

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Telophase

The final stage of mitosis where chromosomes reach the poles and uncoil, forming two new nuclei. It's like the cells are getting ready for the final 'split'.

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Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm that typically occurs after mitosis to produce two daughter cells. It's like the cell is 'splitting' in half.

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Sister Chromatids

The duplicated chromosome which consists of two identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere.

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Centromere

A specialized region on a chromosome where sister chromatids are attached.

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Kinetochore

The portion of the centromere where spindle fibers attach during cell division.

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Microtubules

Tubular structures made of proteins that play a role in chromosome movement during mitosis.

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Study Notes

Plant Cell Cycle (Mitosis and Meiosis)

  • The plant cell cycle involves a series of events that result in cell division.

  • Learning outcomes include describing events in the plant cell cycle and comparing/contrasting mitosis and meiosis.

Growth

  • Growth is driven by continuous new cell generation.

  • Cell expansion and division cause growth.

  • Telomeres are involved in the cell cycle.

Chromosome

  • Chromosomes are thread-like structures visible during cell division within a cell's nucleus.

  • Made up of proteins and a single large DNA molecule.

  • DNA contains thousands of genes.

  • Different species have varying chromosome numbers.

Chromosome Number

  • Chromosome numbers vary among species.

  • Cabbage has 20 chromosomes per cell (10 pairs).

  • Haplopappus gracilis: 4 chromosomes per cell (2 pairs).

  • Olea europea: 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

  • Ophioglossum reticulatum: 1262 chromosomes per cell (631 pairs).

Homologous Chromosomes

  • Homologous chromosomes share similar attributes (size, shape, and genetic makeup).

  • They carry traits of the same genetic type.

  • They are not necessarily identical.

  • Example: A pair could have different flower colors

Diploid vs. Haploid

  • Diploid (2n): Cells with chromosomes in pairs.

  • Somatic cells are diploid.

  • Mitosis creates diploid cells.

  • Haploid (n): Cells with a single set of chromosomes.

  • Gametes are haploid.

  • Meiosis creates haploid cells.

The Cell Cycle

  • A series of events in dividing eukaryotic cells.

  • Often depicted as a circle.

  • Two major phases: interphase and M phase.

  • Generation time encompasses the time between successive divisions in the cycle.

Cell Cycle: Interphase

  • Cell growth and DNA duplication occurs during this preparatory phase of the cell cycle.

Cell Cycle: M Phase

  • This phase encompasses mitosis/meiosis.

Meristems

  • Localized areas where mitosis and cytokinesis happen frequently in plant bodies.

  • Apical meristems appear at the shoot and root tips, and cause stem and root elongation.

  • Lateral meristems occur throughout the stem/root and they increase the girth.

Interphase: Subphases

  • G1 Phase (pre-synthesis) - cell growth and organelle duplication. Single nucleolus & light chromatin. Does not involve DNA replication.

  • S Phase (synthesis) - duplication of the nucleus and synthesis of DNA/protein.

  • G2 Phase (post-synthesis)- cell grows more and makes more organelles to prepare for cell division.

Interphase: G0 Phase (Gap Zero Phase)

  • A quiescent or resting phase where cells are not actively preparing to divide.

Interphase and M Phase

  • Ordered sequence: G1 → S → G2 → mitosis → cytokinesis

Important processes under Interphase

  • Includes DNA replication, Transcription, and Translation (DNA to RNA then to protein).

DNA Replication

  • A semi-conservative DNA replication process.

Transcription

  • Copying genetic information from DNA to RNA.

Translation

  • Synthesizing proteins using mRNA templates.

Meiosis

  • Reduces chromosome number in reproductive cells by half.

  • "To make smaller" is what meiosis means.

  • Each resulting haploid cell has a unique gene combination.

  • Consists of two cell divisions (Meiosis I and Meiosis II).

Meiosis I: Prophase I

  • Chromosomes duplicate in S phase of interphase.

  • Homologous chromosomes come together side-by-side (synapse).

  • Crossing-over (genetic material exchange) occurs.

  • The nuclear envelope and nucleolus break down.

Meiosis I: Metaphase I

  • Homologous chromosomes line up in pairs along the midplane.

  • Joining at their centromeres.

Meiosis I: Anaphase I

  • Paired homologous chromosomes separate.

Meiosis I: Telophase I

  • Two haploid daughter cells form, each with one of each pair of duplicated chromosomes.

Meiosis II: Prophase II

  • Sister chromatids separate. No homologous chromosome pairing, no crossing over occurs.

  • Chromosome condensation.

Meiosis II: Metaphase II

  • Chromosomes align at cell midplane.

Meiosis II: Anaphase II

  • Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

Meiosis II: Telophase II

  • Four haploid cells form having threadlike chromatin, nucleoli reappear, and new cell walls/plasma membranes are formed.

Meiosis I and Meiosis II

  • Produce genetically unique haploid cells.

Mitosis and Meiosis Comparison

  • Mitosis produces identical cells.

  • Meiosis produces genetically different cells.

Importance of Plant Cell Cycle

  • Important for plant growth and repair.

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