Funbio 1

Organelles perform various essential functions necessary for the cell's survival and operation.

Atoms join together to form molecules, which are the building blocks of more complex structures.

The four classes are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

<p>Carbohydrates serve as a primary energy source and provide structural support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleic acids, specifically DNA, are responsible for storing and expressing genomic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipids are vital for building cell membranes and serving as energy storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins participate in and regulate metabolic reactions, providing structure and function to cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The biosphere encompasses Earth and all of its communities, forming a global ecosystem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms, and they are crucial as the building blocks of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monosaccharides are simple sugars with a basic structure of one sugar unit, typically composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A glycosidic bond is formed between monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellulose, starch, and chitin; cellulose is found in plant cell walls, starch in plants as energy storage, and chitin in the exoskeletons of arthropods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates can attach to proteins or lipids, modifying their function and stability through glycosylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates provide energy, serve as energy storage, and play key roles in cell structure and communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates are easily broken down into glucose, which is a primary energy source for cellular metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collagen provides structural support and aids in the repair and formation of new cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A polymer is a long molecule made of many similar building blocks; an example is carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates is 1:2:1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides to form disaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose has the formula C6H12O6 and serves as a primary energy source in most organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sucrose is a common disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The anomeric carbon is significant because it determines the configuration of cyclic sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polysaccharides, such as starch, serve as energy stores in organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The α form has the hydroxyl group on the opposite side of the ring relative to the CH₂OH group, while the β form has the hydroxyl group on the same side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sucrose is common table sugar, hydrolyzed by the enzyme Invertase into an equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maltose is a homodimer of glucose units that occurs as a by-product of starch enzymatic hydrolysis, where water is added to break down starch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactose intolerance is caused by a lack of the enzyme lactase, which is necessary to hydrolyze lactose into glucose and galactose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages, categorized into storage and structural types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Storage polysaccharides serve as energy reserves in living organisms and include starch in plants and glycogen in animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two forms of starch are α-Amylose, which is a linear chain, and Amylopectin, which is branched.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria in the gut, such as through the action of β-Galactosidase, can metabolize lactose through fermentation, producing hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amylose is a long unbranched chain of glucose units linked by a(1-4) bonds, while amylopectin is a highly-branched polymer with a backbone of a(1-4) linkages and branch-points of a(1-6) bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>a-Amylase cleaves a(1-4) bonds randomly, producing a mixture of glucose and maltose, whereas b-Amylase cleaves single maltose units successively from the non-reducing end of the starch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Debranching enzyme, a(1-6) glucosidase, is necessary to break down the a(1-6) bonds in amylopectin, which cannot be cleaved by a- or b-amylases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogen serves as the stored form of glucose, primarily providing energy stored in the liver and muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellulose contains β(1-4) glycosidic linkages, while starch contains a(1-4) bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellulose provides roughage in the diet, aiding in digestion, but cannot be broken down by human enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humans and most animals lack the enzymes necessary to break the β(1-4) glycosidic bonds found in cellulose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellulose is predominantly found in plant cell walls, with materials like wood being about 50% cellulose and cotton about 90% cellulose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chitin is a structural carbohydrate found primarily in the cell wall of fungi and forms the external skeleton of arthropods like insects and crayfish.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycoproteins are conjugated proteins with branched carbohydrate chains that facilitate cell-cell recognition, communication, and regulation of cellular adhesion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, essential for regulating cellular processes like growth, apoptosis, and signal transduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphorylated sugars act as metabolic intermediates that are essential for energy-yielding metabolism, such as glucose-6-phosphate in glycolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphorylated sugars are highly reactive, allowing them to participate in glycosidic bonding and serve as substrates for enzymatic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycoproteins play important roles in cell-cell recognition and the regulation of cell signaling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An example of a phosphorylated sugar involved in glycolysis is glucose-6-phosphate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphorylation makes sugars anionic, enhancing their reactivity and enabling them to participate in biochemical pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers