Biology Chapter on Lipids and Energy Storage

The process of observing a phenomenon, proposing an explanation (hypothesis), testing the hypothesis through experimentation, and drawing a conclusion based on the results.

A suggested explanation for an observation, a testable proposition that might be true.

A controlled test designed to evaluate a hypothesis.

A conclusion drawn from experimental data, either supporting or refuting the hypothesis.

A simplified representation that helps visualize a concept or problem. It focuses on the big picture, ignoring minute details.

A well-substantiated explanation for a natural phenomenon supported by scientific reasoning and experimental evidence.

Research conducted to gain knowledge for its own sake, without immediate practical applications.

Research aimed at solving practical problems and developing new technologies.

The process by which individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to their offspring.

The process of selectively breeding individuals with desired traits, influencing the evolution of a species.

Structures with the same evolutionary origin, but potentially different functions.

Structures with similar functions but different evolutionary origins.

A graphic representation of evolutionary relationships, showing how organisms are related through common ancestors.

The amount of matter in an object.

The force of gravity acting on an object's mass.

A specialized molecule composed of glycerol, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group. The phosphate group is hydrophilic and interacts with water, while the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic and avoid water.

A process by which substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. It is driven by the random movement of molecules.

The movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without requiring energy.

The movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, requiring energy.

The ability of a cell to maintain a stable internal environment, even when the external environment changes.

The fluid that fills the cytoplasm of a cell. It is a complex mixture of water, ions, and organic molecules.

A membrane-bound structure within a eukaryotic cell. It is responsible for producing energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

A membrane-bound structure within a eukaryotic cell. It is responsible for synthesizing proteins.

The rate at which substances move across a membrane is influenced by the area available for diffusion. A larger surface area allows for faster diffusion.

Higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of molecules, leading to faster diffusion. The molecules move more quickly and collide more often, speeding up the process.

The difference in concentration of a substance between two areas drives diffusion. The greater the difference, the faster the diffusion.

The distance a substance needs to travel to diffuse influences the rate. Shorter distances mean faster diffusion.

As a cell grows larger, its volume increases much faster than its surface area. This means the cell's surface area-to-volume ratio decreases, making it harder for substances to efficiently diffuse in and out.

The site where the cell's genetic material (DNA) is located in prokaryotes. It's not enclosed by a membrane like in eukaryotes.

The membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells, separating it from the cytoplasm. It contains pores that control the movement of substances in and out.

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm, containing dissolved molecules and ions. It's where many cellular processes occur.

The outermost layer of a cell, controlling what enters and exits. It's a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

In eukaryotes, DNA is organized with proteins, forming complex structures within the nucleus.

Ribosomal RNA, a key component of ribosomes, the protein synthesis machinery.

Messenger RNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Transfer RNA carries specific amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.

The largest internal membrane system in eukaryotic cells, composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

The rough ER synthesizes proteins destined for export, lysosomes/vacuoles, or the plasma membrane.

The smooth ER synthesizes steroid hormones, lipids, stores calcium, and detoxifies harmful substances.

Stacks of membrane-bound compartments within the cell that receive, process, and package molecules.

Digestive vesicles that break down old organelles, recycle molecules, and digest engulfed cells.

Storage compartments for lipids that are used for energy and membrane synthesis.

Organelles involved in fatty acid oxidation, containing enzymes for breakdown of fatty acids.

The membrane surrounding the vacuole, a large, fluid-filled organelle in plant cells.

Organelles responsible for energy production through cellular respiration.

Organelles responsible for photosynthesis, containing chlorophyll for light absorption.

Long, thin fibers composed of two intertwined protein chains, responsible for cellular movement and structure.

A process that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP and reducing NAD+ to NADH. It occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

A series of chemical reactions that oxidizes pyruvate and generates ATP, NADH, and FADH2. It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

The first step in the citric acid cycle, where acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate.

A reaction that involves the removal of a carbon atom from a molecule in the form of CO2.

A process that transfers a phosphate group to ADP, generating ATP. It occurs in the citric acid cycle and other metabolic pathways.

A chemical reaction where the products have less free energy than the reactants, releasing energy into the surroundings.

The energy required to initiate a chemical reaction, destabilizing existing bonds.

A process that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.

Sites on enzymes where substrates bind, forming enzyme-substrate complexes.

Groups of enzymes, organized to work together in a specific order, promoting efficiency and avoiding side reactions.

The total of all chemical reactions occurring in a living organism, including energy production and use.

Metabolic reactions that consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones.

Metabolic reactions that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones.

A series of interconnected enzyme-catalyzed reactions, where the product of one reaction serves as the substrate for the next.

A mechanism where the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the first enzyme in the pathway, preventing overproduction.

The process by which cells extract energy from glucose. It involves a series of interconnected reactions that produce ATP.

A type of cellular respiration that uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor, yielding the most ATP.

A type of cellular respiration that uses an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor.

A metabolic process that occurs in the absence of oxygen, where an organic molecule is the final electron acceptor.