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Questions and Answers
What is the role of the phosphate group in phospholipids?
What is the role of the phosphate group in phospholipids?
Which of the following correctly describes a characteristic of triglycerides?
Which of the following correctly describes a characteristic of triglycerides?
In which form do plant cells primarily store energy?
In which form do plant cells primarily store energy?
What type of molecules are RNA and DNA composed of?
What type of molecules are RNA and DNA composed of?
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What feature distinguishes cellulose from starch?
What feature distinguishes cellulose from starch?
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What part of an amino acid is primarily responsible for its unique properties?
What part of an amino acid is primarily responsible for its unique properties?
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Which statement about lipid bilayers is true?
Which statement about lipid bilayers is true?
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Why can starch and glycogen be used as energy sources, but cellulose cannot?
Why can starch and glycogen be used as energy sources, but cellulose cannot?
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What is the first step of the Citric Acid Cycle involving acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate?
What is the first step of the Citric Acid Cycle involving acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate?
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What is produced from the oxidation of isocitrate in the Citric Acid Cycle?
What is produced from the oxidation of isocitrate in the Citric Acid Cycle?
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Which molecule is formed during substrate-level phosphorylation in the Citric Acid Cycle?
Which molecule is formed during substrate-level phosphorylation in the Citric Acid Cycle?
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Which enzyme acts as the electron acceptor during the oxidation of succinate?
Which enzyme acts as the electron acceptor during the oxidation of succinate?
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What happens to fumarate in the Citric Acid Cycle to regenerate oxaloacetate?
What happens to fumarate in the Citric Acid Cycle to regenerate oxaloacetate?
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What happens to the surface area-to-volume ratio as a cell grows larger?
What happens to the surface area-to-volume ratio as a cell grows larger?
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Which structure is found surrounding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
Which structure is found surrounding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
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What primarily composes the bacterial cell wall?
What primarily composes the bacterial cell wall?
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What is the function of the nucleolus in a cell?
What is the function of the nucleolus in a cell?
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What is a major structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What is a major structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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What defines magnetosome in certain bacteria?
What defines magnetosome in certain bacteria?
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How do nuclear pores function in a cell?
How do nuclear pores function in a cell?
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What role do ribosomes serve in a cell?
What role do ribosomes serve in a cell?
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Which of the following best describes the structure of the plasma membrane?
Which of the following best describes the structure of the plasma membrane?
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What is convergent evolution?
What is convergent evolution?
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What role does a hypothesis serve in the scientific method?
What role does a hypothesis serve in the scientific method?
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Which of the following best distinguishes homologous structures from analogous structures?
Which of the following best distinguishes homologous structures from analogous structures?
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Which statement regarding isotopes is correct?
Which statement regarding isotopes is correct?
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What does the octet rule state about atoms?
What does the octet rule state about atoms?
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How does temperature affect chemical reactions?
How does temperature affect chemical reactions?
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Which statement accurately describes pH and acids?
Which statement accurately describes pH and acids?
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What characterizes covalent bonds?
What characterizes covalent bonds?
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What does a buffer do in a biological system?
What does a buffer do in a biological system?
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How do nonpolar and polar molecules behave in water?
How do nonpolar and polar molecules behave in water?
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Which property of water causes it to have both cohesion and adhesion?
Which property of water causes it to have both cohesion and adhesion?
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In which situation does a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction primarily occur?
In which situation does a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction primarily occur?
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What is most likely to happen to ice when placed in liquid water?
What is most likely to happen to ice when placed in liquid water?
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What effect does the addition of a catalyst have on a chemical reaction?
What effect does the addition of a catalyst have on a chemical reaction?
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What is the primary importance of functional groups in hydrocarbons?
What is the primary importance of functional groups in hydrocarbons?
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What is the main role of ATP in cellular processes?
What is the main role of ATP in cellular processes?
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What distinguishes competitive inhibitors from noncompetitive inhibitors?
What distinguishes competitive inhibitors from noncompetitive inhibitors?
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How do catalysts influence activation energy in chemical reactions?
How do catalysts influence activation energy in chemical reactions?
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What occurs during feedback inhibition in a biochemical pathway?
What occurs during feedback inhibition in a biochemical pathway?
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What is the primary function of NAD+ in cellular respiration?
What is the primary function of NAD+ in cellular respiration?
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What is the primary characteristic of an exergonic reaction?
What is the primary characteristic of an exergonic reaction?
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During aerobic respiration, what process drives ATP synthesis?
During aerobic respiration, what process drives ATP synthesis?
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What role do cofactors play in enzyme function?
What role do cofactors play in enzyme function?
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Why do enzymes have an optimum temperature?
Why do enzymes have an optimum temperature?
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What is the primary outcome of glycolysis?
What is the primary outcome of glycolysis?
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What characteristic is shared by both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
What characteristic is shared by both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
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What is the significance of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
What is the significance of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
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What defines the difference between catabolism and anabolism in metabolism?
What defines the difference between catabolism and anabolism in metabolism?
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What role do ribosomal RNA (rRNA) play in the structure of ribosomes?
What role do ribosomal RNA (rRNA) play in the structure of ribosomes?
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Which statement accurately describes the functions of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)?
Which statement accurately describes the functions of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)?
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What is the primary function of lysosomes within a cell?
What is the primary function of lysosomes within a cell?
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What is the significance of the Golgi apparatus in cellular function?
What is the significance of the Golgi apparatus in cellular function?
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How do microtubules contribute to cellular transport?
How do microtubules contribute to cellular transport?
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What characterizes the primary cell wall in plant cells?
What characterizes the primary cell wall in plant cells?
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Which component of the cell membrane acts as a barrier to polar substances?
Which component of the cell membrane acts as a barrier to polar substances?
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What is the primary role of the cytoskeleton in a cell?
What is the primary role of the cytoskeleton in a cell?
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Which type of junction holds cells together to prevent materials from passing between them?
Which type of junction holds cells together to prevent materials from passing between them?
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Which protein type is primarily involved in the communication junctions found in animal tissues?
Which protein type is primarily involved in the communication junctions found in animal tissues?
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What distinguishes intermediate filaments from other cytoskeletal elements?
What distinguishes intermediate filaments from other cytoskeletal elements?
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Kinesin motor proteins are primarily responsible for which function in cellular transport?
Kinesin motor proteins are primarily responsible for which function in cellular transport?
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How do phospholipids create a bilayer structure in cell membranes?
How do phospholipids create a bilayer structure in cell membranes?
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What differentiates cadherin proteins from other junction proteins?
What differentiates cadherin proteins from other junction proteins?
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Study Notes
- Cellular organization: all organisms consist of one or more cells, bounded by a membrane
- Ordered complexity: living things are both complex and highly ordered
- Sensitivity: all organisms respond to stimuli
- Growth, development, and reproduction: all organisms grow, reproduce, and have hereditary material
- Energy utilization: organisms take in energy to do different kinds of work
- Homeostasis: organisms maintain relatively constant internal conditions
- Evolutionary adaptation: organisms interact with each other and the environment, influencing survival
Cellular Level
- Atoms join to form molecules, molecules form organelles, which are within cells
- Tissues (similar cells), and organs (tissues), and organ systems (organs)
- Groups of organisms of the same species form a population
- A biological community consists of populations of different species in a place
- Ecosystem: populations and their environments
- Biosphere: the entire planet
Deductive Reasoning
- Applies general principles to predict specific results to test the validity
- Used across branches of knowledge
Inductive Reasoning
- Uses specific observations to construct general scientific principles
- Leads to generalizations that can be tested
Scientific Method
- Observation: noticing something
- Hypothesis: proposed explanation
- Experiment: test of the hypothesis
- Conclusion: whether hypothesis is correct
- Result: If correct, more experiments are done to form a theory; if not, create a new hypothesis
Models
- Ways to organize thinking about a problem
Basic Concepts of Biology
- Life follows physical and chemical laws
- Structure determines function
- Living things transform energy and matter
- Living things depend on information transactions
- Life as a product of evolution explains the diversity of life
Chapter Two: Key Concepts
- Mass: amount of a substance
- Weight: force of gravity on a substance
- Orbitals: location of electrons around the nucleus
- Isotopes: atoms with varying numbers of neutrons
- Radioactive isotopes: isotopes that decay
- Half-life: time it takes for half of atoms to decay
- Redox: reduction/oxidation reactions
- Valence electrons: basis for differing chemical properties of the elements
- Octet rule: atoms tend to fill their outermost electron shell
Chapter Three: Key Concepts
- pH: measure of hydrogen ion concentration
- Acids: increase [H+] and lower pH
- Bases: combine with H+ and raise pH
- Buffers: resist changes in pH
- Properties distinguishing elements: numbers of protons
- Formation of Atoms: arrangement of electrons in shells
- Isotopes: variations in number of neutrons, affecting stability and radioactive decay
- Covalent bonding: atoms sharing valence electrons to form molecules
- Ionic bonding: atoms transferring electrons forming ions, attractions between opposite charges
- Ions: net electrical charge, essential for many biological processes
- Polar covalent bonds: unequal sharing of electrons causing partial charges, crucial in water chemistry
- Nonpolar covalent bonds: equal sharing of electrons, weak interactions in hydrophobic regions
Chapter Four: Cells
- All organisms are composed of one or more cells
- Cells are the basic units of organization in organisms
- Cells arise from pre-existing cells
- Surface area-to-volume ratio: limits cell size
- Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
- Parts of a cell: nucleus, cytoplasm, membranes, ribosomes, etc.
Chapter 5: Membranes
- Lipid bilayer foundation of cell membranes
- Phospholipids: amphipathic (hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail)
- Fluid mosaic model: describes membrane structure
- Transmembrane proteins: diverse functions (transport, enzymes, receptors)
- Surface markers: cell recognition
- Protein attachments to cytoskeleton: maintain shape and structure
- Cell junctions: link cells together
Chapter Six
- Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient
- Passive transport moves substances down their concentration gradient (diffusion)
- Endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis
- The processes of osmosis, active transport, and facilitated diffusion are vital for maintaining cell structure and function
Chapter Seven
- Kinetic energy: energy of motion
- Potential energy: stored energy
- Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions: involve electron transfer
- Laws of Thermodynamics:
- First Law: energy is conserved (neither created nor destroyed)
- Second Law: some energy is lost as heat, efficiency is reduced
- Free energy: energy available for work
- Exergonic reactions: release energy
- Endergonic reactions: require energy
- Activation energy: energy needed to start reactions
- Catabolism: breaking down molecules for energy
- Anabolism: building up molecules that require energy
- Metabolism: total of chemical reactions in the organism
Chapter Eight
- Key Concepts
- Cellular Respiration: series of reactions that extract energy from glucose
- Autotrophs: organisms that make their own food
- Heterotrophs: organisms that eat other organisms for energy
- Dehydrogenation reactions: removal of hydrogen atoms releases energy
- NAD+: electron carrier
- Aerobic respiration: utilizes oxygen to extract energy
- Anaerobic respiration: uses inorganic molecules other than oxygen
- Fermentation: uses organic molecules as electron acceptors
Chapter Nine
- Key concepts
- Glycolysis: initial breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
- Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): further breakdown of pyruvate to produce ATP, NADH, FADH2
- Electron Transport Chain (ETC): utilizes NADH and FADH2 to establish a proton gradient
- Oxidative Phosphorylation: synthesis of ATP using the proton gradient
- ATP synthesis: process of synthesizing ATP
- Feedback inhibition: regulation of metabolic pathways
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Description
Test your knowledge on the roles of phospholipids, triglycerides, and energy storage in plant cells. This quiz covers the characteristics of these biomolecules and their significance in biological functions. Understand the distinctions between starch, glycogen, and cellulose as energy sources.