Biology Chapter on Kingdoms and Biodiversity

Kingdoms

• Organisms are grouped into kingdoms, further divided into smaller groups.
• The last two groups are genus and species, used to scientifically name species.
• Plants have green leaves, cell walls made of cellulose, and can photosynthesize.
• Plant kingdoms include flowering plants, conifers, ferns, and mosses.
• Animal kingdoms include mammals, reptiles, fish, amphibians, birds and invertebrates including molluscs and arthropods.
• Arthropods include insects (3-part body, 6 legs) and arachnids (2-part body, 8 legs).

Biodiversity

• Biodiversity is the variety of species in an area.
• Organisms are interdependent, meaning they rely on each other.
• Preserving biodiversity is important as organisms become extinct, making it harder to recover.
• Loss of biodiversity impacts the ability to recover from natural disasters.

Asexual Reproduction in Plants

• Some plants reproduce asexually, with one parent plant creating offspring.
• Runners (strawberries) and tubers (potatoes) are ways plants reproduce asexually.

Sexual Reproduction in Plants

• Sexual reproduction involves two parents creating offspring.
• Gametes (sex cells) from both parents fuse to create a zygote.
• The zygote develops into an embryo, then an adult.
• Offspring inherit characteristics from both parents.
• Differences in inherited characteristics create variation.

Plant Gametes and Reproduction

• Gametes are produced in reproductive organs (flowers).
• Pollen (male gamete) needs to be carried to the stigma (female structure) for pollination.
• A pollen tube grows from the pollen grain, entering the ovule.
• The nuclei from the male and female gamete join (fertilization), forming a zygote.
• The zygote grows into an embryo, the ovule turns into a seed.
• Seeds contain the embryo and food store.

Fruit Formation

• A part of the flower develops into a fruit (for seed dispersal).
• Some fruits are eaten by animals (seeds pass through the digestive system).
• Some fruits are dispersed by wind or animals.
• Some fruits explode to release seeds.

Seed Germination

• Seeds germinate when conditions (water, oxygen, warmth) are right.
• Water allows chemical reactions to start.
• Oxygen is needed for respiration, releasing energy.
• Warmth speeds up reactions.
• Nutrients and water are taken in to support growth.

Photosynthesis

• Plants use photosynthesis to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water (using light energy).
• This process occurs in chloroplasts.
• The word equation for photosynthesis is: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen.
• The energy used in photosynthesis comes from light energy.
• Plants need water warmth and nutrients (LAWWN).

Accuracy, Estimates and Sampling

• Estimating large populations is possible by sampling smaller populations.
• Using quadrats can estimate the size and density of a population.
• More samples produce more accurate estimates, but take longer.

This quiz explores various biological kingdoms, emphasizing biodiversity and asexual reproduction in plants. Understand the significance of plant and animal classifications, as well as the impact of biodiversity on ecosystems. Test your knowledge on these essential biological concepts.