COPY: Lecture 3

What term describes the process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment?

Which of the following is NOT a key concept associated with homeostasis?

In multicellular organisms, what is essential for maintaining homeostasis at the cellular level?

Which of the following represents the primary role of intercellular communication?

What are the two basic types of signals cells use for intercellular communication?

What happens if an organism's compensatory mechanism is NOT successful when homeostasis is disrupted?

Which term describes cells that respond to either electrical or chemical signals?

What is the extracellular fluid (ECF)'s function in relation to homeostasis?

What is the immediate effect of a ligand binding to a cell-surface receptor?

Which factor primarily determines the type of ion channel that will be activated?

What property defines the 'selectivity' of an ion channel?

What is the primary function of protein kinases?

A voltage-gated ion channel is least likely to be open when:

What is the primary function of ligand-gated ion channels in neural communication?

Which subunit of a G protein is most crucial for determining the specificity of signal transduction?

In the inactive state of a G protein, which molecule is bound to the alpha (α) subunit?

Which of the following is NOT a typical outcome of ion channel activation following neurotransmitter binding?

What two molecules are created after the activation of a G protein when GTP replaces GDP??

How do G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) generally differ from ion channel-coupled receptors in their signaling action?

Which of the following is NOT a typical target of G proteins?

What is an important characteristic of an ion channel in its role as a cell receptor?

What is the second messenger molecule formed by adenylyl cyclase?

Which of these ligands can cause the activation of adenylyl cyclase?

What two molecules are produced by the activation of phospholipase C?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ligands that bind to intracellular receptors?

In its active state, where are intracellular receptors primarily located?

What type of cellular communication involves direct contact between cells for signal transfer?

Which domain of a nuclear receptor is responsible for interacting with specific DNA sequences?

What is the typical length of the hormone response element (HRE) sequence?

Which communication method involves molecules released by a cell acting on neighboring cells through the extracellular fluid?

What term describes a nuclear receptor composed of two different protein subunits?

In autocrine communication, where do the released molecules exert their effect?

What is the primary means of signal distribution in endocrine communication?

Which of the following is NOT a family of receptors included in the intracellular receptor category?

Which of these is a characteristic associated with cell-surface receptors?

Which system uses a combination of electrical and chemical signals to communicate over long distances?

How do neurotransmitters differ from neurohormones in their mode of action?

How do ion channel-linked receptors affect the cell membrane?

In neuronal communication, what type of signal is converted into a chemical signal at the end of the neuron?

What is the function of cellular receptors in cell communication?

Which of the following is a characteristic of enzyme-linked receptors?

Which of the following is NOT a functional type of enzyme-linked receptor?

What process directly follows the binding of a ligand to a tyrosine kinase receptor?

What is the role of tyrosine residues in the activation of tyrosine kinases?

Which of the following describes the Ras protein in its active state?

How is the Ras protein activated?

What is the function of the phosphorylation cascade triggered by activated Ras?

What is the role of MAP kinase in the signaling cascade?

Which type of communication requires direct cell-to-cell contact?

In which type of communication do signaling molecules act on the same cell that released them?

What characterizes endocrine communication?

Which type of molecule does neuronal communication primarily utilize?

What defines paracrine communication?

What is the primary effect of neurotransmitters in synaptic communication?

In which type of communication do signaling molecules travel long distances through the circulatory system?

Which cells are primarily affected by hormones in endocrine communication?

What is a characteristic feature of enzyme-linked receptors?

What is the first stage in the action of tyrosine kinases?

What characteristic of a signaling molecule determines whether it can pass through the cell membrane?

What is NOT a potential consequence of ligand binding to a receptor?

How does the Ras protein become activated?

Which of the following best describes the role of MAP kinase in the phosphorylation cascade?

Which type of receptor is responsible for binding hydrophobic signaling molecules?

In which way can a single signaling molecule affect different target cells?

What is a key function of tyrosine kinases?

Which ligands are known to activate tyrosine kinases?

Which of the following accurately describes antagonists in cellular signaling?

What type of signaling molecules do NOT require the presence of a receptor on the target cell to exert their effect?

What type of protein is predominantly activated by most tyrosine kinases?

Which category includes signaling molecules that are typically unable to cross the cell membrane?

What is the state of Ras protein when it is inactive?

Which of the following definitions correctly describes ligands in terms of their function?

What occurs when homeostasis is disrupted and compensation is unsuccessful?

Which compartment serves as a link between the external environment and cells in the context of homeostasis?

How do cells communicate to maintain homeostasis in multicellular organisms?

What characterizes a dynamic steady state in homeostasis?

What is the primary role of electrical signals in cell communication?

Which of the following statements about intercellular signaling is true?

Which level of coordination is essential for maintaining homeostasis in multicellular organisms?

What type of environment do cells within tissues maintain to achieve homeostasis?

What role does a ligand play in the process of signal transduction?

How does the activation of G proteins occur?

What describes the conformational change in 7TM receptors upon ligand binding?

What mechanism is primarily responsible for the switch-like behavior of molecular switches?

Which outcome is part of the signaling cascade within the cell?

What is the primary characteristic of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)?

What is the role of intracellular signaling molecules in the context of a signaling cascade?

How do molecular switches maintain their active state?

What is the primary function of intracellular receptors?

Which component is NOT part of the nuclear receptor structure?

What type of dimer is typically formed by most nuclear receptors?

Which of the following ligands can bind to intracellular receptors?

In which cellular location do intracellular receptors primarily function when active?

Which of these best describes the hormone response element (HRE)?

How do cell-surface receptors differ from intracellular receptors in terms of ligand characteristics?

Which ion would most likely pass through an opened ion channel linked to a receptor?

Intracellular receptors are divided into which of the following categories?

Cell surface receptors are divided into which of the following categories?