Biology Chapter on Gas Exchange and Smoking
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Questions and Answers

What is a significant difference between inhaled air and exhaled air regarding water vapor content?

  • Exhaled air contains more water vapor than inhaled air. (correct)
  • Inhaled air is completely devoid of water vapor.
  • Both inhaled and exhaled air contain similar amounts of water vapor.
  • Inhaled air contains more water vapor than exhaled air.

How does smoking adversely affect the gas exchange mechanism in the lungs?

  • It increases the rate of gas diffusion in the bloodstream.
  • It enhances the efficiency of oxygen uptake in the alveoli.
  • It promotes the repair of lung tissues involved in gas exchange.
  • It reduces the surface area available for gas exchange. (correct)

What consequence does high carbon dioxide concentration have on respiration?

  • It increases the pH level of the blood.
  • It decreases the respiratory rate.
  • It has no effect on the respiratory drive.
  • It stimulates an increase in the depth of breathing. (correct)

Which of the following diseases is primarily associated with smoking?

<p>Chronic bronchitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does nicotine play in the context of smoking?

<p>It is primarily responsible for the addictive nature of cigarettes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of smoking on overall health?

<p>Shorter life expectancy by at least 10 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is directly associated with smoking?

<p>Lung cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the visible effects of smoking on personal appearance?

<p>Teeth turn yellow and breath smells bad (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the liquid in an e-cigarette?

<p>Nicotine, flavorings, and chemicals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does smoking contribute to diseases like bronchitis?

<p>By irritating the respiratory system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which health issue is a direct risk associated with nicotine consumption?

<p>Increased likelihood of addiction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does smoking have on skin health?

<p>Causes premature aging and wrinkles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of carbon monoxide on blood oxygen levels?

<p>It decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a characteristic of emphysema?

<p>Destruction of air sacs and reduction in surface area. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of chronic bronchitis on the airways?

<p>Narrowing of the bronchi and bronchioles due to inflammation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does smoking influence the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs?

<p>It leads to destruction of the alveoli and reduced efficiency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which respiratory diseases are primarily linked to smoking?

<p>Emphysema and chronic bronchitis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do chemicals from smoking have on the lung structure?

<p>They induce inflammation and breakdown of air sac walls. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does water vapor play in the inhaled air compared to exhaled air?

<p>Exhaled air contains more water vapor than inhaled air. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a direct impact of lowered surface area for gas exchange in smokers?

<p>Decreased efficiency in oxygen transfer to blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does rearing more cattle and sheep contribute to global warming?

<p>It increases the amount of methane released. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential consequence of climate change related to melting ice in polar regions?

<p>Rising sea levels causing flooding in low-lying areas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unusual weather patterns might result from global warming?

<p>Increased frequency of typhoons and hurricanes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential impact of living organisms not adapting to a warmer climate?

<p>They could face extinction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the ice cover in the Arctic Ocean changed from 1980 to 2020?

<p>Ice cover has decreased significantly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major environmental consequence of rising CO2 levels?

<p>Increased incidence of droughts and flooding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequence does the increase in animal rearing primarily contribute to in atmospheric changes?

<p>Increase in methane levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which carbon dioxide contributes to the warming of the Earth's surface?

<p>By trapping thermal energy in the atmosphere (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following gases is primarily responsible for the greenhouse effect in Earth's atmosphere?

<p>Carbon dioxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential environmental consequence of rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

<p>Enhanced thermal energy trapping and warming (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the greenhouse effect primarily impact global temperatures?

<p>By increasing the average temperature of the Earth's surface (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process in nature could be adversely affected by the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels?

<p>Photosynthesis in plant life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about climate change and carbon dioxide levels?

<p>Carbon dioxide is the only gas affecting climate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between human activities and rising carbon dioxide levels?

<p>Industrial emissions contribute to increased CO2 levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the greenhouse effect have on ocean temperatures?

<p>Ocean temperatures may increase due to trapped heat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What environmental consequence may result from rising carbon dioxide levels as indicated over the last 140 years?

<p>Increase in global average temperatures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the AQHI?

<p>To indicate the health risks associated with air pollutants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which population is most likely to be affected by high levels of air pollutants?

<p>Individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the health effects of nitrogen dioxide exposure?

<p>It can lead to respiratory infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the annual average level of nitrogen dioxide in urban areas typically compare to the WHO guideline value?

<p>It often exceeds the guideline value (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a significant regulation related to air quality standards?

<p>Establishing a maximum allowable level of PM2.5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following air pollutants is primarily associated with respiratory issues in urban areas?

<p>Nitrogen oxides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of particulate matter is most dangerous to human health due to its ability to penetrate deep into the lungs?

<p>PM2.5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which population is most vulnerable to the effects of poor air quality?

<p>Children and elderly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which regulatory standard is often used to measure exposure to particulate matter in the air?

<p>National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What long-term health effect is commonly associated with exposure to elevated levels of ozone?

<p>Asthma development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which air pollutant is primarily produced by vehicular emissions and contributes to the formation of smog?

<p>Nitrogen oxides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary health advice for individuals with existing heart or respiratory illnesses during periods of poor air quality?

<p>Consider reducing outdoor activities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant health risk posed by carbon monoxide exposure?

<p>Oxygen deprivation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is most likely to experience significant health risks from negative air quality, according to the air quality health index?

<p>People with existing health conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following air pollutants is NOT typically measured as part of air quality assessments?

<p>Cleansers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which air pollutant is considered a secondary pollutant formed through chemical reactions in the atmosphere?

<p>Ozone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following air pollutants is most commonly linked to health risks during episodes of high air pollution?

<p>Particulate Matter (PM2.5) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the effect of suspended particulates on human health?

<p>They can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action is recommended for the general public during days when the air quality index indicates serious health risks?

<p>Reduce outdoor activities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What regulatory measure can be taken to mitigate health risks associated with poor air quality?

<p>Implement stricter emissions standards for vehicles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Particulate Matter (PM10/PM2.5) in relation to air quality and health?

<p>PM2.5 can penetrate deeper into the lungs compared to PM10. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should individuals experiencing symptoms during poor air quality days consider doing?

<p>Consider reducing outdoor activities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What health impact is most closely associated with high concentrations of PM2.5 in the air?

<p>Increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Smoker's Lung Damage

Smoking damages lung tissue, reducing the ability of the lungs to exchange gases effectively.

Carbon Monoxide Effect

Carbon monoxide reduces blood's oxygen-carrying capacity, hindering oxygen absorption in the lungs.

Emphysema

A respiratory disease where air sacs in the lungs are destroyed, leading to reduced elasticity and gas exchange.

Chronic Bronchitis

A respiratory disease where the airways become inflamed and narrow, filled with mucus, making breathing difficult.

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Gas Exchange Efficiency

The process of oxygen entering the bloodstream and carbon dioxide leaving, reduced by smoking-related lung diseases.

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Lung Tissue Damage (Smoker)

Smoking causes black tar deposits and breaks down the walls of air sacs, decreasing the surface area available for gas exchange in the lungs.

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Airway Narrowing

In chronic bronchitis, the airways become narrower due to inflammation and mucus buildup.

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Respiratory Diseases

Lung diseases like emphysema and chronic bronchitis are caused by smoking and reduce the efficiency of gas exchange.

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Nicotine's Effect

Nicotine in cigarette smoke is addictive, making it difficult to stop smoking despite its harmful effects on the body.

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Smoking & Gas Exchange

Smoking negatively impacts gas exchange in the lungs, reducing their efficiency in taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.

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Smoking's Impact on Organs

Cigarette smoke harms nearly every organ in the body, contributing to the development of various diseases.

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What is Emphysema?

Emphysema is a lung disease where air sacs in the lungs lose their elasticity, making it harder to breathe and causing shortness of breath.

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Smoking and Life Expectancy

Smoking significantly reduces life expectancy, with smokers living at least 10 years shorter than non-smokers.

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Smoking-Related Deaths

Around 15% of deaths worldwide are linked to smoking.

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What does smoking damage?

Smoking seriously harms various organs, including the lungs, heart, and blood vessels, leading to various diseases.

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Nicotine Addiction

Nicotine, a chemical in cigarettes, is highly addictive, making it difficult for smokers to quit.

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Smoking and Appearance

Smoking negatively impacts appearance, causing premature aging, yellow teeth, and bad breath.

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E-Cigarettes: Harmful?

E-cigarettes, despite being marketed as a safer alternative, contain harmful chemicals and are linked to health risks.

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E-Cigarette Contents

E-cigarette liquid contains nicotine, flavorings, and other chemicals.

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E-Cigarette Ban in Hong Kong

The sale of electronic cigarettes is prohibited in Hong Kong due to their potential health risks.

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Greenhouse Effect

The natural warming of Earth's surface due to the trapping of thermal energy by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

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Greenhouse Gases

Gases like carbon dioxide that trap heat in the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect.

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What happens to Earth's temperature with increased greenhouse gases?

Increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leads to a rise in Earth's average temperature, causing global warming.

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What's the connection between carbon dioxide and global warming?

Carbon dioxide is a significant greenhouse gas, and its increased concentration in the atmosphere significantly contributes to global warming.

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How does the greenhouse effect impact the environment?

The enhanced greenhouse effect leads to climate change, causing various environmental impacts like sea level rise, extreme weather events, and changes in ecosystems.

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What are some examples of greenhouse gases?

Other greenhouse gases include methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases. They also contribute to global warming.

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Heat Island Effect

The phenomenon where urban areas are hotter than surrounding rural areas due to heat absorption by buildings and pavements.

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How do human activities contribute to global warming?

Human activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, intensifying the greenhouse effect and driving global warming.

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What is the Greenhouse Effect?

The greenhouse effect is the warming of the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere due to the trapping of heat by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor.

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How does methane contribute to global warming?

Methane (CH4) is a powerful greenhouse gas. When cattle and sheep are raised for meat, they release methane through their digestive processes, contributing to global warming.

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What are the potential consequences of global warming?

Global warming is expected to lead to various consequences, including rising sea levels, melting glaciers, extreme weather events, and changes in plant and animal life.

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What can happen to polar regions due to global warming?

Rising temperatures can cause glaciers and ice sheets in the Polar Regions to melt, leading to rising sea levels and loss of habitat for animals like polar bears.

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How does global warming affect weather patterns?

Global warming can lead to changes in weather patterns, causing more frequent and intense extreme events such as hurricanes, heat waves, droughts, and floods.

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What are the potential effects of global warming on living things?

Species that are unable to adapt to warming temperatures and changing environmental conditions may die out, leading to biodiversity loss.

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How can we model the greenhouse effect?

A simple experiment can be conducted by placing a thermometer under a glass bowl to simulate the greenhouse effect, demonstrating the trapping of heat.

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How does global warming impact sea levels?

As glaciers and ice sheets melt due to rising temperatures, the resulting water flows into the oceans, causing sea levels to rise, threatening coastal communities.

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Global Temperature Change

The increase in Earth's average temperature over time, primarily caused by human activities that release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

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Carbon Dioxide Levels

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, a key greenhouse gas that traps heat and drives global warming.

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How do CO2 levels and temperature relate?

As carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere rise, global temperatures also increase, demonstrating the direct link between greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.

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Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

The intensification of the natural greenhouse effect due to increased levels of greenhouse gases from human activities, leading to global warming.

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Climate Change

The long-term changes in Earth's climate patterns, including temperature, precipitation, and weather events, mainly caused by human-induced global warming.

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What are some human impacts on climate change?

Human activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, contributing to the enhanced greenhouse effect and global warming.

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Why is climate change important?

Climate change is a significant environmental challenge with various impacts on ecosystems, human health, and society, making it a critical issue for global attention and action.

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AQHI

The Air Quality Health Index measures the level of air pollution and its potential health risks. It helps people understand the air quality and take precautions.

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High AQHI: What to do?

When the AQHI is high, it indicates poor air quality. People are advised to limit their time outdoors to protect their health.

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Air pollution's effect

Air pollutants can harm more than just our breathing system. They can negatively impact overall health.

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Nitrogen Dioxide

Nitrogen Dioxide is a harmful air pollutant. The World Health Organization has set a guideline value for safe levels of this gas.

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Causeway Bay vs. Tap Mun

The annual average level of nitrogen dioxide was higher in Causeway Bay compared to Tap Mun. This might be due to factors like traffic density and industrial activity.

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Major Air Pollutants

Harmful substances in the air that negatively impact health and the environment. Examples include sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide, and suspended particulates.

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Air Quality Improvement: Individuals

Actions individuals can take to improve air quality, such as using public transport for short journeys or cycling, to reduce reliance on private vehicles.

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Air Quality Improvement: Government

Government policies or actions to promote cleaner air, such as providing subsidies for electric vehicles to encourage their adoption.

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Clean Air Plan

A comprehensive strategy developed by a government or organization to improve air quality and reduce pollution levels.

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What is a Clean Air Plan?

A plan designed to reduce air pollution levels and improve air quality. It includes various strategies to address pollution sources, promote cleaner technologies, and raise public awareness.

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Hydrogen Fuel

A clean energy source that can be used to power vehicles and generate electricity without emitting harmful pollutants.

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Air Quality Impact

The effect that pollutants have on the air we breathe, including health issues and environmental damage.

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Electric Cars: Government Role

How governments can encourage the use of electric cars, such as offering incentives or subsidies, to promote cleaner transportation.

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Reducing Personal Impact on Air Quality

Steps individuals can take to reduce their own contribution to air pollution, like using public transport or cycling instead of driving.

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Clean Energy Source

Energy sources that produce minimal or no pollution while generating power, like solar, wind, or hydrogen energy.

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Health advice based on risk

Health advice for the general public changes based on the health risk level. For example, people with existing heart or respiratory illnesses are advised to take precautions and consider reducing outdoor activities in moderate risk situations.

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Health risk levels

There are different levels of health risk based on air quality. These levels guide public health advice on what actions to take, such as reducing outdoor activities or avoiding them altogether.

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Health risks and outdoor activities

Air quality impacts health risks and can affect recommendations for outdoor activities. In general, people with pre-existing health conditions need to be more cautious, especially in areas with higher pollution.

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Study Notes

Gas Exchange in Animals

  • Gas exchange occurs in animals, not just plants
  • Practical activities can demonstrate gas exchange in animals
  • This involves observing changes in carbon dioxide & oxygen levels with mealworms in tubes.
  • Materials include boiling tubes, forceps, cotton thread, stoppers etc.
  • Hydrogencarbonate indicators are used to assess the CO2 content.
  • A control test tube is used for comparison to see the effect from the mealworms
  • Mealworms release carbon dioxide during respiration
  • The indicator changes from red (low CO2) to yellow (higher CO2) in the presence of mealworms.

Gas Exchange in Humans

  • Humans have a complex respiratory system for gas exchange.
  • Air enters via the nose & mouth to the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and finally the alveoli (air sacs).
  • Oxygen is absorbed from the air sacs into the blood
  • Carbon dioxide is transported from the blood to the air sacs
  • Gas exchange is an essential process in respiration.

Gas Exchange at Air Sacs

  • Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between air and blood in the air sacs (alveoli)
  • Inhaled air enters air sacs
  • Oxygen moves from the air to the blood, then to body cells
  • Carbon dioxide moves from body cells to blood, then to air sacs
  • The process is assisted by moisture/warmth in the air sacs
  • The exhaled air will contain less oxygen and more carbon dioxide versus inhaled air
  • Air is moistened and warmed in the air sacs before exhalation
  • Blood capillaries surround the air sacs

Effects of Smoking on Gas Exchange

  • Smoking damages the respiratory system, reducing gas exchange efficiency.
  • Cigarette smoke contains over 7000 chemicals, some damaging.
  • Harmful effects include:
    • reduced efficiency of gas exchange
    • darker lung tissue colour, brown substance observed
    • darkening of the trachea walls in smokers
  • Tar covers the air sacs, reducing surface area for exchange
  • Chemicals in smoke damage air sacs and reduce their functionality, this is observed in the increased difficulty for the lungs to do gas exchange
  • Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
  • Smoking causes respiratory diseases like emphysema & chronic bronchitis
  • Life expectancy for smokers is noticeably shorter than non-smokers

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Related Documents

OCR Gas Exchange in Animals PDF
OCR GCSE Science Past Paper (PDF)
Sci 7.7 Air Quality in Hong Kong (OCR, 2024)

Description

This quiz focuses on the essential aspects of gas exchange in the lungs, the impact of smoking, and related respiratory issues. Test your understanding of inhaled versus exhaled air, the consequences of carbon dioxide levels, and the role of nicotine in smoking-related diseases.

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