Biology Chapter on Evolution and Microorganisms
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary function of tube feet in echinoderms?

  • Movement and feeding (correct)
  • Protection from predators
  • Exoskeleton formation
  • Respiration

Which of the following describes a key characteristic of arthropods?

  • Exoskeleton and jointed legs (correct)
  • Internal skeleton with cartilage
  • Notochord and post-anal tail
  • Moist skin for gas exchange

What critical feature distinguishes reptiles from amphibians regarding reproduction?

  • A dual life cycle involving metamorphosis
  • Moist skin that requires constant hydration
  • Gills for aquatic breathing
  • Amniotic egg to protect embryos (correct)

Which of the following accurately sequences the evolution of heart complexity in vertebrates?

<p>2-chamber, 3-chamber, 4-chamber (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a characteristic shared by all chordates?

<p>Dorsal nerve cord (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental concept that drives the process of natural selection?

<p>Differential survival and reproduction based on favorable traits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the viral lysogenic cycle?

<p>Integration of the viral DNA into the host cell's genome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary benefit do vascular plants derive from possessing xylem and phloem?

<p>A greater capacity to grow to larger sizes and heights. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structural adaptation in seed plants eliminates the necessity for water during fertilization?

<p>The production of pollen for gamete transfer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do non-vascular plants, such as mosses, primarily obtain water and nutrients?

<p>Via direct absorption by diffusion from their surroundings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of bacteria directly contributes to the growing problem of antibiotic resistance?

<p>Their ability to exchange genes via processes like conjugation, transformation, and transduction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is common to all members of the phylum Cnidaria?

<p>The presence of stinging cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these lists represents a valid order of evolution?

<p>Mosses, Ferns, Seed plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Exoskeleton

A tough, external skeleton that provides support and protection for arthropods, like insects and crabs.

Tube feet

Specialized structures in echinoderms, like sea stars, that are used for movement and feeding.

Notochord

A flexible rod that provides support for the body, which is a key characteristic of chordate animals.

Amniotic Egg

A key adaptation that allows reptiles and birds to lay eggs on land, protecting the embryo from drying out.

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Ectotherms

Animals that rely on external sources of heat for regulating body temperature, like reptiles and amphibians.

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What is evolution?

The change in relative frequency of alleles in a population over time.

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What is natural selection?

Survival and reproduction of individuals with traits that make them better adapted to their environment.

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Why are viruses considered non-living?

Viruses are non-living because they cannot reproduce independently. They rely on host cells for replication.

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What is conjugation?

A type of bacterial gene transfer where a plasmid is transferred from one bacterium to another through direct contact.

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What is xylem?

The movement of water through a plant, from roots to leaves.

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What is a mollusc?

A type of invertebrate with a soft body, often with a shell. Examples include snails, octopuses, and clams.

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What are annelids?

A type of invertebrate with a segmented body, like earthworms and leeches.

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What are cnidarians?

A type of invertebrate that includes jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones. They have stinging cells to capture prey.

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Study Notes

Evolution and Natural Selection

  • Evolution is a change in allelic frequencies within a population.
  • Natural selection is a driving mechanism of evolution.
  • Necessary factors for natural selection: variation, heritability, differential survival & reproduction.
  • Fitness measures an organism's success in survival and reproduction.
  • Populations, not individuals, evolve over generations.

Viruses and Bacteria

  • Viruses are non-living entities.
  • Viruses reproduce using host cells.
  • Lytic and lysogenic cycles are virus replication methods.
  • Bacteria have three basic shapes: cocci, bacilli, and spirilla.
  • Genetic exchange occurs through conjugation, transformation, & transduction.
  • Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a concern.

Plants – Mosses, Ferns, and Seed Plants

  • Non-vascular plants (e.g. mosses) rely on diffusion for water transport.
  • Vascular plants (e.g. ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms) have xylem and phloem.
  • Seed plants adapted to land by evolving seeds, pollen, & vascular tissue.
  • Angiosperms have flowers and fruits for pollination and seed dispersal.

Invertebrates

  • Eight major phyla of invertebrates exist.
  • Porifera (sponges), Cnidaria (jellyfish), Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Nematoda (roundworms),Annelida (segmented worms)
  • Mollusca (snails, octopuses), Echinodermata (sea stars), Arthropoda (insects, crabs, spiders).
  • Arthropods characteristically have exoskeletons and jointed legs.
  • Echinoderms use tube feet for movement and feeding.

Vertebrates

  • Chordates share four key features: notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail.
  • Five vertebrate groups: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds (Aves), mammals
  • Amniotic egg is a critical adaptation in vertebrates.
  • Endotherms regulate their body temperature internally.
  • Ectotherms rely on external temperature for regulation.
  • Hearts evolved from 2 chambers in fish to 3 in amphibians/reptiles to 4 in birds/mammals.

Final Review & Tips

  • Focus on key terms (evolution, virus life cycles, plant adaptations, vertebrate classification).
  • Utilize diagrams to visualize structures.
  • Practice with questions to solidify knowledge.
  • Explain concepts aloud to aid recall.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts of evolution, natural selection, and the classification of microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria. Explore the differences between non-vascular and vascular plants, including mosses, ferns, and seed plants. This quiz will enhance your understanding of biological diversity and adaptation.

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