Biology Chapter on Enzymes
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Questions and Answers

What does keratin primarily form in the body?

  • Nail and hair structures (correct)
  • Enzymes
  • Bone structures
  • Muscle tissue

    • Translation occurs in the nucleus.

    False

    What is the role of mRNA during protein synthesis?

    To carry the coded message from DNA to the ribosome.

    The process of making mRNA from DNA is called __________.

    <p>transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of protein synthesis to their roles:

    <p>DNA = Directs the synthesis of proteins mRNA = Carries the genetic code to ribosomes tRNA = Brings amino acids to the ribosome rRNA = Forms part of the ribosome structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of enzymes in biological reactions?

    <p>To speed up reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes can be used up in a reaction and are therefore not reusable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure binds to the enzyme at its active site?

    <p>substrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes are most active at an optimum temperature of _____ degrees Celsius in humans.

    <p>37</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of enzyme inhibition with their characteristics:

    <p>Competitive inhibition = Molecules similar to the substrate bind blocking the active site Non-competitive inhibition = Binder to allosteric site changes active site shape Allosteric regulation = Substances can inhibit or stimulate enzyme activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes non-competitive inhibition?

    <p>An inhibitor changes the shape of the active site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes can exhibit allosteric regulation where certain substances can enhance their activity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two main processes that enzymes are involved in.

    <p>building up (condensation) and breaking down (hydrolysis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cells control enzyme activity by _____ the production of specific enzymes.

    <p>restricting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of enzymes?

    <p>To act as catalysts in chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes change their structure permanently after a chemical reaction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of enzymes?

    <p>Endoenzymes and Exoenzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous bases are classified as pyrimidines?

    <p>Cytosine and Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothesis that describes how substrates bind to enzymes is known as the __________ hypothesis.

    <p>Lock and Key</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Active site = Region where substrates bind Enzyme-substrate complex = Temporary formation between an enzyme and its substrate Induced fit model = Active site is flexible and adjusts to fit substrates Exoenzymes = Enzymes that act outside of the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The semiconservative model of DNA replication ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete copy of the original DNA.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect enzyme activity?

    <p>Color of the enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helicase during DNA replication?

    <p>To unwind the DNA strands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a chemical reaction that occurs with the help of enzymes.

    <p>Photosynthesis or breaking down food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions, which is referred to as __________.

    <p>antiparallel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of DNA replication with their functions:

    <p>DNA polymerase III = Builds new DNA strand RNA Primase = Adds RNA primer Ligase = Joins Okazaki fragments Helicase = Unwinds DNA strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme replaces the RNA primer during DNA replication?

    <p>DNA polymerase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of allosteric sites in enzymes?

    <p>To bind only one substrate, either an activator or a non-competitive inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lagging strand is synthesized continuously during DNA replication.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An immobilized enzyme allows for repeated use of the same batch.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the single-stranded binding proteins during DNA replication?

    <p>To stabilize unwound DNA strands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Guanine pairs with __________ through triple hydrogen bonds.

    <p>Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

    <p>To send messages from DNA for protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of synthesis for DNA polymerase III?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA stands for __________.

    <p>Deoxyribonucleic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their descriptions:

    <p>Adenine (A) = Pairs with Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) = Pairs with Guanine (G) Uracil (U) = Found only in RNA Deoxyribose = Sugar in DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about nucleotides is true?

    <p>Nucleotides are composed of a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogen base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytosine pairs with Thymine in both DNA and RNA.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of DNA?

    <p>Double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary sugar found in RNA is __________.

    <p>ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What benefit does immobilizing enzymes provide in industries?

    <p>Prevents product contamination with enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Enzyme Action

    • Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions.
    • Enzymes catalyze one specific reaction.
    • Active site: a region of the enzyme where the substrate binds.
    • Substrate: the molecule that the enzyme acts upon.
    • Enzyme-substrate complex: formed when the substrate binds to the active site.
    • Products: formed when the substrate is broken down or new bonds are formed.
    • Lock and key model: the active site has a rigid shape that perfectly complements the substrate.
    • Induced fit model: the active site changes shape slightly to accommodate the substrate, creating a tighter fit.
    • Enzymes do not get used up in the reaction, they can be reused.
    • Endoenzymes: act within the cells where they are produced (intracellular).
    • Exoenzymes: act outside the cells where they are produced (extracellular).

    Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

    • Temperature: Enzymes work best at specific temperatures.
    • pH: Optimal pH levels exist for enzymes.
    • Substrate concentration: Higher substrate concentration generally leads to faster reaction rates up to a certain point.
    • Enzyme concentration: Higher enzyme concentration generally leads to faster reaction rates up to a certain point.

    Enzyme Inhibition

    • Competitive inhibition: a molecule similar to the substrate competes for the active site.
    • Non-competitive inhibition: a molecule binds to a site other than the active site (allosteric site), changing the active site's shape.
    • Allosteric regulation: a molecule called an activator or inhibitor binds to an allosteric site, changing the enzyme's activity.

    Immobilized Enzymes

    • Immobilized enzymes are enzymes that are attached to a solid material.
    • This allows for easier separation of products, reuse of the enzyme, and control of reaction conditions.
    • Useful in industrial processes and food production.

    DNA

    • DNA makes up genes, which are blueprints for the human body.
    • DNA is made up of nucleotides.
    • Nucleotides are the basic units of DNA.
    • DNA has a double helix shape.
    • DNA is made up of 3 components: a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogenous base.
    • The rule (Chargaff's base-pair rule): Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) always pairs with Guanine (G).

    RNA

    • RNA is a ribonucleic acid.
    • Created from DNA replication.
    • Single-stranded.
    • RNA has different types including Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), and Ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
    • RNA contains a sugar (ribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
    • The nitrogenous bases in RNA are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U).

    DNA Replication

    • DNA replication is the process of creating an identical copy of a DNA molecule.
    • Semiconservative model: each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand.

    Protein Synthesis

    • Protein synthesis involves two main stages: transcription and translation.
    • Transcription: the process of making mRNA from DNA.
    • Translation: the process of making a polypeptide chain (protein) from mRNA.
    • Proteins are made up of amino acids.
    • The genetic code is used to determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

    Gene Mutations

    • A mutation is an alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the DNA.
    • Mutations can be helpful, harmful, or neutral.
    • Point mutations: change in one DNA base pair.
    • Frameshift mutations: insertion or deletion of one or more DNA base pairs, shifting the reading frame for subsequent codons.

    Genetic Code (codon table)

    • A three-letter sequence of nucleotides (codon) specifies a particular amino acid.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of enzymes in this quiz, focusing on their action, structure, and factors affecting their activity. Test your knowledge on enzyme-substrate interactions, models of enzyme action, and the distinctions between endoenzymes and exoenzymes. Perfect for biology enthusiasts and students alike!

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