Biology Chapter on Electron Transport Chain
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of complex I in the electron transport chain?

  • It reduces cytochrome c.
  • It directly synthesizes ATP from ADP.
  • It pumps protons from the intermembrane space into the matrix.
  • It hydrolyzes NADH to form NAD+ and protons. (correct)

    • What is produced as a byproduct in complex IV?

  • Fumarate
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Water (correct)
  • Reactive oxygen species

    • Which of the following describes the function of phosphocreatine?

  • It permanently alters ADP to form ATP.
  • It directly phosphorylates ADP into ATP.
  • It replaces ATP as the primary energy source.
  • It acts as a transport molecule for high-energy phosphates. (correct)

    • What does the proton motive force (Δp) depend on?

    <p>pH gradient and membrane potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of complex V in the electron transport chain?

    <p>To synthesize ATP using the proton gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to phosphocreatine after it donates its phosphate group?

    <p>It converts into creatine and is phosphorylated again.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the process of ATP synthesis in the electron transport chain?

    <p>The buildup of a proton gradient and the resulting energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the giant axons in earthworms?

    <p>Conducting action potentials rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?

    <p>Oligodendrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature of myelinated axons allows for rapid ion exchange?

    <p>Nodes of Ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does myelination affect membrane resistance?

    <p>Increases membrane resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organism is the squid giant axon most notably studied for action potential features?

    <p>Squid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key mechanism to prevent inefficient energy use in metabolic pathways?

    <p>Reciprocal regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method for measuring metabolic rate?

    <p>31P-NMR Spectroscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main advantages of using 31P-NMR Spectroscopy?

    <p>Measures cellular energy currency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of Direct Calorimetry?

    <p>Requires the subject to be restrained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Hess’s Law, what determines the total energy released from fuel breakdown?

    <p>Given amount of fuel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nutrient types is used as a metabolic fuel?

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of both 31P-NMR Spectroscopy and Direct Calorimetry?

    <p>Require complex and heavy equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes a metabolic state?

    <p>Energetic intermediates regulate the balance between anabolism and catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does measuring ATP turnover indicate?

    <p>The energy balance of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the partial pressure of all gases with increased elevation?

    <p>It decreases for all gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adaptive physiological response occurs to compensate for lower PO2 levels at high elevations?

    <p>Hyperventilation to enhance O2 exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does lowering CO2 levels in blood have?

    <p>It raises blood pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Bohr effect relate to oxygen release at tissues?

    <p>It discourages oxygen release at low pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs after a few days at high elevation?

    <p>Increased release of 2,3-DPG into circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ventilation is characterized by animals propelling themselves through water to facilitate gas exchange?

    <p>Ram ventilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature allows mammals to create negative pressure in the lungs during inspiration?

    <p>Contraction of the diaphragm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the volume of the non-respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

    <p>Anatomical dead space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the volume not involved in gas transfer, including anatomical dead space?

    <p>Physiological dead space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during exhalation in mammals?

    <p>Internal intercostals contract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the action potential to propagate in a unidirectional manner along the neuron?

    <p>The influx of sodium ions and the refractory state of upstream channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the length constant in terms of neuronal signals?

    <p>The distance over which the potential decays by 63%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to sodium channels immediately upstream of the action potential site as the wave progresses?

    <p>They are in a refractory period and cannot generate another action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does diffusion of sodium ions play in action potential propagation?

    <p>It causes depolarization at the next segment of the neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can affect the length constant of an axon?

    <p>The quantity of myelin sheath surrounding the axon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the decay of potential as one moves away from the action potential site?

    <p>The ability of downstream membranes to respond decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to understand the concept of the Hodgkin cycle in relation to action potentials?

    <p>It outlines the feedback mechanism for channel activation during depolarization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the decrease of Vm detection away from the stimulation site?

    <p>Passive movement of charge potential diminishes over distance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic behavior of Na channels during an action potential wave?

    <p>They experience rapid closure followed by sequential opening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts related to the electron transport chain, including the roles of various complexes, proton motive force, and the function of phosphocreatine. It also addresses neural features and metabolic pathways relevant to energy use in biological systems. Test your understanding of these critical biological processes.

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