Biology Chapter on Cellular Processes

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Questions and Answers

What is endocytosis?

  • The process by which a cell expels materials
  • The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
  • The phase where the cell prepares for division
  • The process by which cells bring materials into themselves (correct)

Aerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen.

False (B)

What is the primary function of ATP in cells?

To carry energy

The reactions that occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts that require sunlight are known as __________ reactions.

<p>light-dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Chlorophyll = The green pigment that absorbs sunlight Glycolysis = The breakdown of glucose NADPH = An electron carrier in photosynthesis Grana = Stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about autotrophs is true?

<p>They produce their own food using sunlight or chemicals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Electron Transport Chain is involved in the production of ATP during cellular respiration.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name a process that occurs during anaerobic respiration.

<p>Alcoholic fermentation or lactic acid fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of glycolysis?

<p>To break down glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heterotrophs are organisms that can make their own food.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

<p>Light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle).</p> Signup and view all the answers

The energy molecule NADPH becomes _____ when it gives off energy in the Calvin Cycle.

<p>NADP+</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?

<p>Cytoplasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell during anaphase.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the stages of mitosis with their descriptions:

<p>Prophase = Chromosomes condense and become visible Metaphase = Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell Anaphase = Chromosomes get pulled apart Telophase = Forms two nuclei around each set of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plant cells are classified as _____ because they produce their own food.

<p>autotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Endocytosis

A process by which cells engulf materials from their surroundings and bring them inside.

Exocytosis

The process by which cells release materials from within, often enclosed in vesicles, to the outside.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The main energy-carrying molecule in cells. It is like a battery that powers cellular functions.

ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)

A lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by adding a phosphate group. It's like a partially charged battery.

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Autotrophs

Organisms that can produce their own food using sunlight or chemicals as an energy source.

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Heterotrophs

Organisms that get energy by consuming other organisms.

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Light-Dependent Reactions

Reactions in photosynthesis that occur in the thylakoid membranes and require sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH. It's like the first step in energy production.

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Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Reactions in photosynthesis that occur in the stroma, using ATP and NADPH to produce glucose. It's like the second step in energy production.

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Prophase

The stage during cell division when chromosomes are condensed and become visible.

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Metaphase

The stage during cell division when chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell.

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Anaphase

The stage during cell division when sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers toward opposite poles of the cell.

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Telophase

The stage during cell division when the nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes, and the cytoplasm divides, forming two daughter cells.

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Glycolysis

The process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen.

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Thylakoid

A disc-like structure within chloroplasts where chlorophyll is located and light-dependent reactions occur.

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Study Notes

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

  • Endocytosis: Cells bring materials into themselves.
  • Exocytosis: Cells expel materials in vesicles to the outside.
  • Exocytosis occurs with the Golgi Apparatus.

ATP Cycle

  • ATP (Adenosine triphosphate): Main energy-carrying molecule in cells.
  • ADP (Adenosine diphosphate): Lower-energy molecule that can become ATP by adding a phosphate group.

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

  • Autotrophs: Organisms producing their own food (e.g., using sunlight or chemicals).
  • Heterotrophs: Organisms obtaining energy by consuming other organisms.

Photosynthesis

  • Light-dependent reactions: Occur in thylakoid membranes and need sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH.
  • Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle): Occur in the stroma; use ATP and NADPH to produce glucose.
  • NADPH: Electron carrier involved in energy transfer during photosynthesis.
  • Chloroplasts: Organelles in plant cells for photosynthesis.
  • Chlorophyll: Green pigment absorbing sunlight for photosynthesis.
  • Thylakoid: Membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts for light-dependent reactions.
  • Grana: Stacks of thylakoids.
  • Stroma: Fluid-filled space surrounding grana; Calvin Cycle occurs here.

Cellular Respiration

  • Aerobic respiration: Energy production using oxygen.
  • Glycolysis: Breaks down glucose to pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
  • Krebs Cycle: Series of reactions in mitochondria that produce energy carriers (NADH and FADH2).
  • Electron Transport Chain: Sequence of proteins in mitochondria that transfers electrons to produce ATP.
  • Anaerobic respiration: Energy production without oxygen.
  • Alcoholic fermentation: Glucose converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide without oxygen.
  • Lactic acid fermentation: Glucose converted to lactic acid without oxygen.

Energy Flow

  • Energy flow in biosphere: Transfer of energy through organisms in an ecosystem (sunlight to photosynthesis to consumption).

Cell Life Cycle

  • Interphase: Cell growth, DNA replication, preparation for division.

  • G1 phase: First growth phase; cell increases in size.

  • S phase: Synthesis phase; DNA replication.

  • G2 phase: Second growth phase; cell prepares for mitosis.

  • Mitosis

    • Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nucleus intact
    • Metaphase: Nucleus dissolves; Chromosomes line up
    • Anaphase: Chromosomes pulled apart by spindle fibers
    • Telophase: Two nuclei form (one around each set of chromosomes)

  • Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides, creating two separate cells

Photosynthesis Summary

  • Plants (autotrophs) make food through photosynthesis in chloroplasts.
  • Photosynthesis has light-dependent and light-independent stages (Calvin Cycle).
  • Light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH from sunlight and water.
  • Light-independent reactions use ATP and NADPH to create glucose from CO2.

Additional Questions

  • Main purpose of glycolysis: To break down glucose.
  • Location of glycolysis: Cytoplasm
  • Energy molecules in aerobic respiration: ATP, NADH, FADH2

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