Biology Chapter on Algae and Fungi

Organisms with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, highly diverse, mainly unicellular but some multicellular.

Protists that use sunlight to make food, like plants.

Protists that get their food by consuming other organisms or organic molecules.

A relationship where one organism lives inside another, often mutually beneficial.

Protists that rely on both photosynthesis and consuming other organisms for food.

A type of fungi that lack septa, resulting in a continuous mass of cytoplasm with multiple nuclei.

A network of hyphae that a fungus uses for feeding and growth. It maximizes surface-to-volume ratio, enhancing nutrient absorption.

A specialized hyphae that extracts nutrients from living animals.

Specialized hyphae that extract nutrients from plants.

Branching hyphae that allow fungi to exchange nutrients with plants in a mutually beneficial relationship.

A type of symbiotic relationship where fungi provide plants with nutrients (like phosphate), and plants provide the fungi with sugars. Ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizae are two types.

Fungal mycorrhizae that form a sheath over the root surface, growing into the root's extracellular space.

Fungal mycorrhizae that extend arbuscules through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by the root cell membrane.

Red algae, also called rhodophytes, are named for their reddish color due to the pigment phycoerythrin which masks chlorophyll. They are abundant in warm coastal waters of tropical oceans and most are multicellular. Some species with less phycoerythrin adapted to shallow waters.

Green algae are divided into two groups: charophytes and chlorophytes. Charophytes are the most closely related to plants, while chlorophytes are diverse and found in freshwater and marine environments. Some are unicellular, and both groups exhibit complex life cycles with sexual and asexual reproduction.

Unikonta is a supergroup of eukaryotes that includes amoebozoans and ophisthokonts. It is believed to be the most closely related to fungi and animals.

Amoebozoans are a diverse group of organisms, including many species of amoebas. They are distinct from rhizarians in their pseudopodia, which are lobe-shaped or tube-shaped instead of thread-like. One category of amoebozoans is the slime molds.

Slime molds, also called mycetozoans, are organisms that were initially thought to be fungi due to their fruiting bodies, which help disperse spores. However, unlike fungi, many slime molds are unicellular.

Plasmodial slime molds are characterized by their bright colors, such as orange or yellow. They form a large mass called a plasmodium as they grow, which is different from the parasite Plasmodium that causes malaria. This plasmodium is a single mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei but no dividing cell membranes.

The plasmodium, being a 'supercell', is a result of mitotic cell division without cytokinesis. It extends pseudopodia through moist soil and consumes food particles through phagocytosis.

Phycoerythrin is a red pigment found in red algae, which masks the green chlorophyll, giving them their characteristic reddish color.

Viruses are much smaller than cells and can only be seen with an electron microscope.

Viruses lack the complex cellular structure and organelles found in living organisms.

Viruses only contain the genetic material (DNA or RNA) and a surrounding protein coat called a capsid.

The capsid is a protective shell made of protein subunits called capsomeres.

The capsid and the enclosed nucleic acid are collectively called the nucleocapsid.

Some viruses have an additional outer membrane called an envelope, while others lacking this membrane are considered 'naked' viruses.

The hypothesis proposes viruses originated from small cells that became parasitic.

This hypothesis suggests viruses evolved from escaped fragments of DNA or RNA from larger organisms.

Wastewater from homes and industries containing chemicals, debris, and microbes.

The process of removing harmful substances and microorganisms from sewage.

The first stage of sewage treatment where large solids are removed.

The second stage of sewage treatment where bacteria break down organic matter using oxygen.

The final stage of sewage treatment which removes remaining contaminants and disinfects the water.

Microorganisms that cause food poisoning or food-borne illness.

The process of using microbes to transform food into different products, like cheese, yogurt, or bread.

Microbes that do not cause disease or change the nature of food, but might be present naturally.

Viral enzymes that help in replication, like polymerases for DNA and RNA synthesis and replicases for copying RNA.

Viruses are not categorized like other organisms (bacteria, archaea, etc.). They have their own classification system.

Viruses that lack a membrane envelope surrounding their capsid.

Viruses with a membrane envelope surrounding their capsid.

The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses has a system for naming and organizing viruses.

Viral families are italicized and end in '-viridae' and genera are italicized ending in '-virus'.

The process by which viruses infect cells, replicate, and then are released from the host cell.

The steps involved in viral replication in animal cells: attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly, and release.