Biology Chapter on Algae and Fungi
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary pigment responsible for the reddish color of red algae?

  • Phycoerythrin (correct)
  • Chlorophyll
  • Xanthophyll
  • Carotenoid

    • Which class of green algae is most similar to higher plants?

  • Rhodophytes
  • Amoebozoans
  • Charophytes (correct)
  • Chlorophytes

    • Which characteristic differentiates amoebozoans from rhizarians?

  • Multicellular organization
  • Presence of pseudopodia
  • Structure of their pseudopodia (correct)
  • Reproduction with spores

    • How do red algae reproduce if they lack flagellated gametes?

    <p>With the aid of water currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a plasmodial slime mold's plasmodium?

    <p>A single mass of cytoplasm undivided by membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of algae is characterized by being predominantly multicellular and often found in tropical coastal waters?

    <p>Red algae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of life cycles do both charophytes and chlorophytes exhibit?

    <p>Complex life cycles with both sexual and asexual stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were slime molds originally classified as fungi?

    <p>Because they reproduce with fruiting bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes coenocytic fungi?

    <p>They are continuous with multiple nuclei.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mycorrhizal fungi?

    <p>To improve the delivery of phosphate ions and minerals to plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure do ectomycorrhizal fungi form around plant roots?

    <p>A sheath of hyphae covering root surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do fungi primarily reproduce?

    <p>By producing spores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates sexual reproduction in fungi?

    <p>Release of pheromones from two different mycelia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the extensive network of hyphae in fungi that increases feeding efficiency?

    <p>Mycelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hyphae allows for nutrient exchange with plant hosts in a mutualistic relationship?

    <p>Arbuscules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of fungal spores?

    <p>They can be dispersed over long distances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic do all protists share?

    <p>They have membrane-enclosed organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes protists that can perform both photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition?

    <p>Mixotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do some protists contribute to their aquatic environment?

    <p>By serving as producers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is endosymbiosis in the context of protists?

    <p>An event where one organism lives within another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ecological role do many protists play in food webs?

    <p>They serve as food sources for other organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the virus-first hypothesis propose about the origin of viruses?

    <p>Viruses emerged from pre-existing molecules of proteins and nucleic acids before cells appeared.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus hypothesis is supported by the discovery of viruses with genetic material similar to parasitic bacteria?

    <p>Reduction hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the protein capsid in a virus?

    <p>It protects and surrounds the viral nucleic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes enveloped viruses from naked viruses?

    <p>Enveloped viruses have an additional covering beyond the capsid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the structure of viruses?

    <p>Viruses have a core that contains RNA or DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size range of animal viruses mentioned in the content?

    <p>20 nm to 1,000 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothesis does not explain the unique viral structure?

    <p>Escape hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are capsomeres?

    <p>The protein subunits that make up the capsid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of preformed enzymes found in viruses?

    <p>To aid in the replication of DNA and RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification distinguishes viruses that lack an outer envelope?

    <p>Naked viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many families of viruses are listed by the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses?

    <p>104 families</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What suffix is commonly used for naming virus families?

    <p>-viridae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first phase in the life cycle of animal viruses?

    <p>Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic used for naming viruses?

    <p>Method of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do RNA replicase enzymes do in a virus?

    <p>Synthesize nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the grouping of viruses that do not align with domains and kingdoms?

    <p>Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first phase of sewage treatment focused on?

    <p>Removal of larger solid waste materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of illness is NOT commonly associated with untreated sewage?

    <p>Influenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the secondary stage of sewage treatment, which process is primarily utilized?

    <p>Biodegradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do microbes have on food preparation when added deliberately?

    <p>They can be beneficial by aiding fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary cause of food spoilage by microbes?

    <p>Inadequate cooking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of sewage treatment occurs after biodegradation?

    <p>Tertiary stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a neutral effect of microbes in food?

    <p>Existing without causing disease or change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a food product of fermentation?

    <p>Pickles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Protists - Overview

    • Protists are eukaryotic organisms
    • They have a nucleus and nuclear envelope
    • They have membrane-enclosed organelles
    • They are a diverse group, mostly unicellular but some are multicellular

    Protist Nutrition

    • Some protists are photoautotrophs, containing chloroplasts
    • Others are chemoheterotrophs, absorbing or ingesting organic molecules
    • Mixotrophs use a combination of photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

    Endosymbiosis

    • Endosymbiosis is a symbiotic relationship where one organism lives within another
    • Some protists exist within other organisms
    • This relationship can be parasitic

    Symbiotic Relationships with Protists

    • Many protists are aquatic and found wherever water is located
    • Some participate in mutualistic relationships like those found in coral reefs.
    • Some organisms rely on protists for food (protists can be producers)
    • There are parasitic protists that infect intestines and cause diseases like malaria

    Supergroups of Protists

    • There are four supergroups of protists: Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, and Unikonta
    • Each supergroup exhibits unique features and clinical/environmental significance to humans

    Excavata

    • Possess an "excavated" feeding groove on one side of the cell body
    • Modified mitochondria (mitosomes)
    • Unique flagella
    • Include diplomonads, parabasalids, and euglenozoans

    Diplomonads

    • Have reduced mitochondria (mitosomes)
    • Can not use oxygen for energy production
    • Obtain energy from anaerobic pathways
    • Often parasitic

    Parabasalids

    • Have reduced mitochondria (hydrogenosomes)
    • Release hydrogen gas as a byproduct
    • Often parasitic

    Euglenozoans

    • Diverse group, including predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs, and parasites
    • Unique rod-like structures within flagella
    • Example: Trypanosoma (carried by tsetse flies), causing sleeping sickness

    SAR

    • Diverse group of protists
    • Divided into Stramenophiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians

    Stramenopiles

    • Possess "straw-like" hair projections on their flagella, usually paired with a different, smooth flagellum
    • Includes diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae

    Diatoms

    • Unicellular, photosynthetic algae
    • Unique glassy cell wall made of silicon dioxide
    • Play a role in CO2 levels in the ocean
    • Important component of aquatic ecosystems

    Golden Algae

    • Mostly unicellular
    • Yellow or brown carotenoids
    • Typically biflagellated
    • Often mixotrophic

    Brown Algae

    • Often multicellular
    • Brown or olive-colored carotenoids
    • Mostly marine; common in temperate coastal areas

    Alveolates

    • Have membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) beneath the plasma membrane
    • Include dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates

    Dinoflagellates

    • Most are heterotrophic, some are photosynthetic
    • Have two flagella in grooves
    • Some species cause red tides (produce toxins)

    Apicomplexans

    • All are parasites
    • Specialized organelles assist penetration of host cells
    • Example: Plasmodium (malaria)

    Ciliates

    • Large, diverse group of protists
    • Use cilia for movement and feeding
    • Predatory
    • Example: Paramecium

    Rhizarians

    • Many species are amoeba-like
    • Use pseudopodia (temporary extensions) for feeding and movement
    • Includes foraminiferans and radiolarians

    Foraminiferans

    • Marine protists with porous shells (tests)
    • Pseudopodia extend through pores
    • Important in ocean sediment

    Radiolarians

    • Marine protists
    • Spiky, intricate silica skeletons
    • Pseudopodia radiate from central body

    Archaeplastida

    • Includes red algae and green algae
    • Closely related to plants

    Red Algae

    • Typically multicellular
    • Reddish color from phycoerythrin pigment

    Green Algae

    • Mostly freshwater but some marine
    • Many unicellular forms, some multicellular
    • Structurally and pigmentally similar to land plants

    Unikonta

    • Includes amoebozoans and opisthokonts
    • Includes many species of amoebas
    • One category is slime molds

    Slime Molds

    • Fungus-like protists
    • Some are unicellular
    • Some forms a plasmodium (mass of cytoplasm)
    • Reproduce with fruiting bodies

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    Test your knowledge on algae and fungi in this quiz based on Biology chapter focusing on their characteristics, life cycles, and reproductive strategies. Explore questions about red algae, slime molds, and mycorrhizal associations to deepen your understanding of these important organisms.

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