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Questions and Answers
What is the maximum magnification power of a light microscope?
What is the maximum magnification power of a light microscope?
- 2000x
- 1000x (correct)
- 100x
- 500x
All living organisms are made of one or more cells.
All living organisms are made of one or more cells.
True (A)
What is the process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells called?
What is the process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells called?
Mitosis
The _____ is responsible for producing energy in eukaryotic cells.
The _____ is responsible for producing energy in eukaryotic cells.
Match the type of microscope with its characteristic:
Match the type of microscope with its characteristic:
Which phase of mitosis involves the alignment of chromosomes at the cell's equator?
Which phase of mitosis involves the alignment of chromosomes at the cell's equator?
Chloroplasts are found in all types of cells.
Chloroplasts are found in all types of cells.
Who contributed the concept of cell division to cell theory?
Who contributed the concept of cell division to cell theory?
During meiosis, the process in which homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material is called _____
During meiosis, the process in which homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material is called _____
What structure in a cell regulates the entry and exit of substances?
What structure in a cell regulates the entry and exit of substances?
What is the primary outcome of Telophase II in meiosis?
What is the primary outcome of Telophase II in meiosis?
Asexual reproduction requires two parents.
Asexual reproduction requires two parents.
What is a mode of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows out of the parent's body?
What is a mode of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows out of the parent's body?
During Anaphase II of meiosis, sister ______ separate.
During Anaphase II of meiosis, sister ______ separate.
Match the following reproductive modes with their definitions:
Match the following reproductive modes with their definitions:
Which of the following is an example of external fertilization?
Which of the following is an example of external fertilization?
All offspring produced through sexual reproduction are genetically identical.
All offspring produced through sexual reproduction are genetically identical.
What process involves the formation of reproductive spores in fungi?
What process involves the formation of reproductive spores in fungi?
Meiosis II is similar to ______.
Meiosis II is similar to ______.
What distinguishes sexual reproduction from asexual reproduction?
What distinguishes sexual reproduction from asexual reproduction?
Flashcards
Microscope Definition
Microscope Definition
A tool that magnifies small objects to be seen by the human eyes
Light Microscope
Light Microscope
Uses light and lenses to look at things
Electron Microscope
Electron Microscope
Uses beams of electrons to magnify things
Cell Theory
Cell Theory
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Cell Nucleus
Cell Nucleus
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Mitochondria Function
Mitochondria Function
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Mitosis
Mitosis
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Prophase (Mitosis)
Prophase (Mitosis)
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Meiosis
Meiosis
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Crossing-Over
Crossing-Over
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Telophase I
Telophase I
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Prophase II (Meiosis II)
Prophase II (Meiosis II)
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Metaphase II (Meiosis II)
Metaphase II (Meiosis II)
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Anaphase II (Meiosis II)
Anaphase II (Meiosis II)
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Telophase II (Meiosis II)
Telophase II (Meiosis II)
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Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
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Binary Fission
Binary Fission
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Budding
Budding
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Fragmentation (Reproduction)
Fragmentation (Reproduction)
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Sexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
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Study Notes
Microscopes
- Microscopes magnify small objects or organisms for viewing.
- Light Microscopes: Use light and lenses, magnify up to 1,000x.
- Electron Microscopes: Utilize electron beams for higher magnification.
- Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) view internal structures.
- Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) create 3D surface images.
- Stereo Microscopes (Dissecting Microscopes): Provide low magnification for observing larger, three-dimensional objects.
- Parts of a Microscope:
- Eyepiece (Ocular Lens): Magnifies the image.
- Objective Lenses: Varying magnification levels.
- Stage: Holds the specimen.
- Light Source: Illuminates the sample.
- Coarse/Fine Adjustment Knobs: Focus the image.
Cell Theory
- All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of life.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells.
- Key Contributors:
- Matthias Schleiden (plant cells).
- Theodor Schwann (animal cells).
- Rudolf Virchow (cell division).
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions (Eukaryotic)
- Nucleus: Contains DNA, controls cell activities.
- Cytoplasm: Fluid where organelles reside.
- Mitochondria: Produce energy (ATP).
- Chloroplasts (plants only): Site of photosynthesis.
- Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Production and transport of materials.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins.
- Cell Membrane: Regulates substance entry/exit.
- Cell Wall (plants only): Provides structure and support.
- Vacuoles: Store water and nutrients.
Mitosis
- Mitosis: Cell division producing two genetically identical daughter cells.
- Phases:
- Prophase: Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator.
- Anaphase: Chromatids separate to opposite poles.
- Telophase: Nuclear envelope reforms, cytokinesis follows.
Meiosis
- Meiosis: Cell division creating four genetically unique gametes for sexual reproduction.
- Meiosis I (Reduction Division):
- Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair (synapsis), exchange genetic material (crossing-over)
- Metaphase I: Homologous chromosomes align at the equator.
- Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate to opposite poles.
- Telophase I: Two haploid cells form.
- Meiosis II (Similar to Mitosis):
- Prophase II: Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form.
- Metaphase II: Chromosomes align at the equator.
- Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate.
- Telophase II: Four unique haploid cells are formed.
Modes of Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction: One parent, genetically identical offspring.
- Examples:
- Binary Fission: Single organism divides into two (bacteria).
- Budding: New organism grows from parent (yeast).
- Fragmentation: Body parts regenerate new individuals (starfish).
- Spore Formation: Reproductive spores grow into new organisms (fungi).
- Sexual Reproduction: Two parents, genetically diverse offspring.
- Examples:
- Internal Fertilization: Fertilization inside the female body (humans, birds).
- External Fertilization: Fertilization outside the body (fish, amphibians).
- Pollination: Pollen transfer for reproduction (flowering plants).
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