Biology Chapter: Macromolecules and Elements

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Questions and Answers

What reaction involves the addition of water to break down molecules?

Condensation Reaction

Oxidation Reaction

Dehydration Reaction

Hydrolysis Reaction (correct)

Which type of bond is formed when atoms share pairs of electrons?

Hydrogen Bond

Ionic Bond

Metallic Bond

Covalent Bond (correct)

What do elements in the same family of the periodic table have in common?

Same number of electron shells

Same number of valence electrons (correct)

Identical atomic masses

Similar physical properties

What describes the outermost electron shell of an atom?

Valence Shell Signup and view all the answers

Which family of the periodic table consists of elements that are inert and non-reactive?

Noble Gases Signup and view all the answers

What process leads to the formation of polymers from monomers by removing water?

Dehydration Synthesis Signup and view all the answers

As you move from left to right across a period in the periodic table, what generally happens to metallic character?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

What does the number of valence electrons in an atom determine?

The atom's reactivity and bonding capacity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions are performed by lipids?

Energy storage and signaling Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure of a protein characterized by?

The sequence of amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a nucleic acid molecule carries the genetic information?

Nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond links amino acids together in a protein?

Peptide bonds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes lipid bilayers?

Formed by phospholipids Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding RNA?

It contains uracil instead of thymine Signup and view all the answers

What defines the tertiary structure of a protein?

Overall 3D shape of the protein Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of carbohydrates in biological systems?

Provide energy and structure Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes enzymes?

They act as biological catalysts. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of proteins in the body?

To perform various functions including acting as enzymes. Signup and view all the answers

How do enzymes affect activation energy?

They lower the activation energy needed for reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes polar molecules?

They have an unequal distribution of charges. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond is formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions?

Ionic bond Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of hydrogen bonds?

They are weak bonds formed between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes covalent bonds from ionic bonds?

Covalent bonds involve sharing electrons, while ionic bonds involve transferring electrons. Signup and view all the answers

Why is ice less dense than liquid water?

Because of hydrogen bonding that creates a structured arrangement. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 1: Identifying Themes in Biology

Biology is the scientific study of life, encompassing key properties like order, reproduction, growth, adaptation, and response to environment.
Themes of life include: cells (basic units), homeostasis/regulation (maintaining internal balance), adaptation/evolution (change over time), response to environment/stimuli (reactions), growth and development, energy processing, and reproduction.
Key biological themes include evolution (emerging properties related to natural selection), gene expression, structure-function relationships, energy transfer, and systems biology (interactions between organisms).
A cell is the smallest unit of life, while an atom is the smallest unit of matter.

Defining Key Biological Terms

Biology: The scientific study of life, encompassing several properties of life, including order, reproduction, energy processing, etc.
Science: A systematic way of building and organizing knowledge, focused on explaining and predicting phenomena.
Species: Defined as a group of populations whose members have the potential to breed and produce fertile offspring.
Family: A higher taxonomic category than genus and species in biological classification, grouping related genera together.
Biological community: Consists of all the populations of different species interacting within an area. Reproduction: The production of new individuals, either sexually (combination of genetic material from two parents) or asexually (from a single organism).

The Importance of the Scientific Method

Scientific investigations start with observations and lead to testable questions.
The scientific method includes problem statement, observation, research, hypothesis, experiment design, experiment, data collection, data analysis, control variables definition, conclusion, and publication. Key elements in experimental design include recognizing dependent and independent variables and control samples.
Repeat an experiment if results are unclear or there are errors: verify consistency
Refine/Revise or modify hypotheses and experimentation based on new data/information to increase results accuracy.

Theories vs Hypotheses

A theory is a broad, well-supported explanatory framework based on many observations, while a hypothesis is a focused testable prediction derived from observations.
Independent variable: Factor changed or manipulated in an experiment.
Dependent variable: Factor measured or observed, affected by the independent variable.
Control sample: The group that does not receive the experimental treatment of variable. Helps to determine if the treatment causes or influences a change
Test sample: The group receiving the experimental treatment or variable, used to compare to the control.

Scientific Measurements and Units

Quantitative data are objective, measured numerical values like height and weight
Qualitative data is subjective, descriptive observations like color and texture
SI (International System of Units) is a standardized system of measurement used globally in science, industry, and everyday life; its units ensure consistency and easy comparison.

Key Differences Between Biological Communities, Species, Populations and Habitats

Biological community: All the populations of different species living and interacting in an area.
Species: A group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature.
Population: A group of individuals of the same species living in a specific geographic area.
Habitat: A place where an organism lives and its surroundings; the environment of an organism.

Symbiosis

Mutualism: Both organisms benefit, positive (+/+)
Predatory: One organism benefits and the other is harmed, (+/-)
Commensalism: One organism benefits, the other is unaffected, (+/0)
Parasitism: One organism benefits, the other is harmed. (+/-)

Interspecific and Intraspecific Interactions

Intraspecific competition: Competition between individuals of the same species.
Interspecific competition: Competition between individuals of different species for the same limited resource.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts from biology, focusing on macromolecules, periodic table families, and molecular structures. This quiz covers essential topics such as reactions, bonding, and the characteristics of different elements. Ideal for students looking to reinforce their understanding of biological chemistry.