Biology Chapter: Locomotion and Movement
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of ciliary movement in the trachea?

  • Facilitates blood circulation
  • Promotes muscle contraction
  • Removes dust particles and foreign substances (correct)
  • Maintains the structure of the lungs

Which types of muscle is characterized by a striped appearance under the microscope?

  • Visceral muscle
  • Smooth muscle
  • Skeletal muscle (correct)
  • Cardiac muscle (correct)

What percentage of the body weight in a human adult is contributed by muscles?

  • 30-40%
  • 20-30%
  • 40-50% (correct)
  • 50-60%

What distinguishes visceral muscles from skeletal muscles?

<p>Location in hollow organs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property do muscles exhibit that allows them to stretch and recoil?

<p>Extensibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of muscle tissue?

<p>Stratification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of muscular movement in multicellular organisms?

<p>Locomotion and body posture changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the cranial bones?

<p>To protect the brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bones make up the facial region of the skull?

<p>14 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bones are collectively known as the ear ossicles?

<p>Malleus, Incus, and Stapes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of bones in the human axial skeleton?

<p>80 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The occipital condyles aid in the articulation of which part of the body?

<p>The skull with the vertebral column (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the bones that make up the pectoral girdle?

<p>Clavicle and scapula (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many phalanges are found in the human hand?

<p>14 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component gives bone its hardness?

<p>Calcium salts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is referred to as the longest bone in the human body?

<p>Femur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is not part of the human skull?

<p>Patella (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone is the patella?

<p>Sesamoid bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is cartilage classified as?

<p>Specialized connective tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the hind limb bones?

<p>Carpals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pectoral and pelvic girdles?

<p>Articulate upper and lower limbs with the axial skeleton (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many metacarpals are present in the human hand?

<p>5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone forms a protective covering over the knee?

<p>Patella (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for the active sites on actin filaments being masked in resting muscle?

<p>Troponin proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcium ions (Ca++) in muscle contraction?

<p>To activate troponin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle fibers is primarily characterized by higher amounts of myoglobin?

<p>Red muscle fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the skeletal system is NOT part of the axial skeleton?

<p>Pelvic girdle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint allows for considerable movement and plays a significant role in locomotion?

<p>Synovial joints (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the calcium ions after muscle contraction to aid relaxation?

<p>They are returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary distinguishing feature between red and white muscle fibers?

<p>Amount of myoglobin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the H-zone in striated muscle fiber?

<p>Contains only myosin filaments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the 'Z' line in a sarcomere?

<p>It anchors the thin filaments. (A), It bisects the 'I' band. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of myofibrils, what does the term 'H' zone refer to?

<p>The middle area of the thick filament not overlapped by thin filaments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure can be found in the middle of the 'A' band?

<p>M line (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does each actin (thin) filament consist of?

<p>Two F-actins helical together. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does tropomyosin perform in muscle contraction?

<p>It prevents the binding between actin and myosin in a resting state. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a sarcomere?

<p>The segment between two Z lines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Meromyosins in the context of muscle fibers?

<p>Monomeric proteins that make up thick filaments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the 'A' and 'I' bands arranged in myofibrils?

<p>They alternate throughout the length of the myofibrils. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the I bands during muscle contraction?

<p>They decrease in size. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of myoglobin in muscles?

<p>To store oxygen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results from repeated activation of muscles during exercise?

<p>Accumulation of lactic acid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes red fibres from white fibres in muscles?

<p>Higher myoglobin content. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the breakdown of the cross-bridge during muscle contraction?

<p>Hydrolysis of ATP. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process do white fibres primarily rely on for energy?

<p>Anaerobic respiration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the Z lines during muscle relaxation?

<p>They move farther apart. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of mitochondria affect muscle function?

<p>They enhance oxygen utilization for ATP production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Amoeboid Movement

Movement using protoplasmic streaming and cytoskeletal elements, like in Amoeba.

Ciliary Movement

The coordinated beating of cilia, often found in internal tubular organs.

Skeletal Muscles

Movement controlled by the nervous system, attached to bones for locomotion and posture.

Visceral Muscles

Found in hollow internal organs, these muscles are smooth and involuntary.

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Cardiac Muscle

Specialized cardiac muscle found only in the heart, responsible for its rhythmic contractions.

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Excitability

The ability of a muscle to respond to a stimulus.

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Contractility

The ability of a muscle to shorten in length.

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Extensibility

The ability of a muscle to stretch beyond its resting length.

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What is a sarcomere?

The basic unit of contraction in a muscle fiber, located between two Z lines.

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What is the Z line?

A thin, elastic fiber that bisects the I band and serves as an attachment point for thin filaments.

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What is the A band?

A dark band in the sarcomere where thick filaments are located, including the H zone and the overlapping region with thin filaments.

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What is the H zone?

The central region of the A band where only thick filaments are present. It disappears during muscle contraction.

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What is the M line?

A thin fibrous membrane in the middle of the A band that holds thick filaments together.

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What are myofibrils?

Rod-like protein structures found in muscle fibers, responsible for muscle contraction.

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What is actin?

A protein that forms the thin filaments in muscle fibers, consisting of two helical F-actin polymers, which are made up of G-actin monomers.

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What is Myosin?

A protein that forms the thick filaments in muscle fibers, consisting of many polymerized meromyosin molecules.

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Sliding Filament Theory

The theory that explains muscle contraction as the sliding of thin (actin) filaments over thick (myosin) filaments within a sarcomere.

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I band

The region of a sarcomere where only thin (actin) filaments are present, appearing light under a microscope.

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A band

The region of a sarcomere where both thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments overlap, appearing dark under a microscope.

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H zone

The central region of the A band where only thick (myosin) filaments are present.

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Muscle Relaxation

The process where calcium ions (Ca++) are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic cisternae, causing the actin filaments to be masked and the muscle to relax.

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Red Fibers

Red muscle fibers with high myoglobin content, numerous mitochondria, and an aerobic metabolism. They are adapted for sustained activity.

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White Fibers

White muscle fibers with low myoglobin content, fewer mitochondria, and an anaerobic metabolism. They are adapted for short bursts of intense activity.

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Muscle Fatigue

The accumulation of lactic acid in muscles due to anaerobic breakdown of glycogen during strenuous activity, leading to muscle fatigue.

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What is the humerus?

The long bone in the upper arm, connecting the shoulder to the elbow.

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What are the radius and ulna?

The two bones in the forearm, located between the elbow and wrist.

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What are the carpals?

The eight small bones forming the wrist.

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What are the metacarpals?

The five bones in the palm of the hand.

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What are the phalanges?

The fourteen bones that make up your fingers.

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What is the femur?

The largest bone in the leg, connecting the hip to the knee.

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What are the tibia and fibula?

The two bones in the lower leg, below the knee.

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What are the tarsals?

The seven small bones in the ankle.

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What are the two sets of bones in the skull?

Two sets of bones forming the skull, with 8 cranial bones protecting the brain and 14 facial bones composing the front of the skull.

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What are the Ear Ossicles?

Three small bones in the middle ear, Malleus, Incus and Stapes, playing a key role in sound transmission.

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What is the Hyoid bone?

The U-shaped bone at the base of the buccal cavity, not directly attached to other bones, but important for tongue movement and swallowing.

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What is the Cranium?

The strong, protective outer covering of the brain, formed by eight cranial bones.

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What is the Facial region of the skull?

The region of the skull consisting of 14 bones that form the front part of the head.

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What are the Occipital condyles?

The two rounded knobs at the base of the skull, where it articulates with the first vertebra (atlas).

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What makes bone hard and cartilage pliable?

The hard matrix of bone is due to the presence of calcium salts, while the slightly pliable matrix of cartilage is due to chondroitin salts.

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How is the human skeletal system divided?

The skeletal system of humans is divided into two main parts - the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

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What is troponin?

A protein that blocks the active sites on actin filament, preventing myosin from binding. It is activated by calcium ions.

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What is the sliding filament theory?

A theory explaining muscle contraction. It states that muscle fibers shorten as the thin filaments slide along the thick filaments due to the interaction of myosin and actin.

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What is muscle fatigue?

The contraction of a muscle fiber due to repeated stimulation, causing fatigue.

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What is a synovial joint?

A type of joint that allows for a wide range of motion, found in many parts of the body.

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What are the two main parts of the skeletal system?

The skeletal system is divided into two major parts. Name them.

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Study Notes

Locomotion and Movement

  • Movement is a key characteristic of living things, observed even in single-celled organisms.
  • Locomotion is a type of movement involving a change in location.
  • Different organisms have various movement mechanisms, including cilia, flagella, and tentacles.
  • In humans, movement of limbs, jaw, eyelids, tongue, and other body parts is possible.

Types of Movement

  • Amoeboid movement employs pseudopodia (extensions of the cytoplasm).
  • Ciliary movement involves cilia (hair-like structures), aiding in transporting substances within the body and removing foreign particles.
  • Muscular movement is essential for locomotion and many other actions.

Muscle Types

  • Skeletal muscles (striated) are responsible for voluntary movements like walking.
  • Visceral muscles (smooth) control involuntary actions like digestion.
  • Cardiac muscles (striated) power the heart's contractions (involuntary).

Skeletal System

  • The skeletal system, composed of bones and cartilages, provides a framework for the body.
  • It has an axial portion (skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs) and an appendicular portion (limbs and girdles).
  • The skull (22 bones) forms a protective case for the brain, and numerous other bones support the body.
  • Vertebral column is composed of numerous vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx), protecting the spinal cord.
  • Ribs articulate with the sternum (breastbone) forming the rib cage.
  • Appendicular skeleton consists of bones in limbs and girdles, facilitating movements.

Joints

  • Joints connect bones, enabling wide-ranging movement.
  • They are classified based on their structure.
  • Fibrous joints restrict movement (eg., sutures in skull).
  • Cartilaginous joints allow limited movement (eg., joints between vertebrae).
  • Synovial joints permit significant movement (eg., ball-and-socket, hinge joints).

Muscle Contraction

  • Muscle contraction is a complex process.
  • The interaction of actin and myosin filaments generates force required for locomotion.
  • The process involves changes in muscle fiber structure and the sliding of these filaments over each other.

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Locomotion and Movement PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating world of locomotion and movement in living organisms through this quiz. Discover how various organisms utilize different mechanisms for movement, from cilia and flagella to muscular contractions. Test your knowledge on the types of movements and muscle classifications in humans and other creatures.

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