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Questions and Answers

What is the primary composition of spongy bone tissue?

  • Trabeculae and open spaces (correct)
  • Dense tissue and calcium deposits
  • Compact bone and marrow cavities
  • Cartilage and collagen fibers

    • Which characteristic distinguishes compact bone from spongy bone?

  • Compact bone provides multidirectional support
  • Compact bone is lighter and less dense
  • Compact bone contains red bone marrow
  • Compact bone has a higher capacity for calcium storage (correct)

    • How do bones receive nourishment?

  • From nutrient foramina and small openings (correct)
  • Through cartilage diffusion
  • By absorption through the periosteum alone
  • Directly from the marrow cavities only

    • What is the role of cartilage in the joints?

    <p>Cartilage absorbs shocks and reduces friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens at the epiphyseal plate during bone growth?

    <p>Chondrocytes grow and divide to increase cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones form the pectoral girdle?

    <p>Clavicle and scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the pelvic girdle and vertebral column relate?

    <p>The pelvic girdle anchors the lower limbs to the vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the essential functions of compact bone?

    <p>Providing strength and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glial cells in the nervous system?

    <p>Provide structural support and protect neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the function of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Regulates unconscious body functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From where do sensory axons in the dorsal root of a spinal nerve originate?

    <p>Sensory receptors throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stimuli do Meissner corpuscles primarily respond to?

    <p>Fine touch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance insulates axons and speeds up action potential transmission?

    <p>Myelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plexuses is not part of the spinal nerves?

    <p>Cranial plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for controlling voluntary actions and conscious activities?

    <p>Somatic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are responsible for sensing pressure in the skin?

    <p>Pacinian corpuscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the fibula in the leg?

    <p>To form the lateral malleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characterized by bones connected by dense fibrous connective tissue?

    <p>Fibrous joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of joints allows for a wide range of movement and features a fluid-filled cavity?

    <p>Synovial joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint allows for some movement but is not fully movable?

    <p>Amphiarthroses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure connects the tarsal bones to the metatarsal bones in the foot?

    <p>Metatarsal heads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the main characteristic of cartilaginous joints?

    <p>Bones are connected by cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many phalanges does the big toe contain?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint is an example of a synovial joint that allows movement in a full circle?

    <p>Shoulder joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines the color of blood?

    <p>The oxygen content in hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of blood plasma?

    <p>92% water and 7% proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is the most abundant in blood plasma?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape do erythrocytes (red blood cells) have?

    <p>Biconcave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of hemoglobin is essential for binding oxygen?

    <p>Iron within heme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average diameter of an erythrocyte?

    <p>7–8 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

    <p>Carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are erythrocytes primarily produced in the body?

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT one of the organs located in the area between the lungs?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the heart is responsible for the actual contraction of the heart?

    <p>Myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pericardium?

    <p>To lubricate the heart and prevent friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chambers does the heart have?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve prevents blood from flowing backward from the right ventricle?

    <p>Pulmonary valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do papillary muscles play in heart function?

    <p>They prevent blood from flowing backward into the atria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pulmonary circulation, where does deoxygenated blood go?

    <p>From the heart to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the heart contains small nerves that send electrical signals through the heart?

    <p>Endocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during atrial systole?

    <p>The atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the first heart sound (S1) indicate?

    <p>Closure of the atrioventricular valves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation is used to calculate cardiac output?

    <p>CO = HR × SV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tunica intima in blood vessels?

    <p>Prevents blood clots and keeps toxins out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of blood vessels contains elastic fibers and smooth muscle cells?

    <p>Tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the tunica adventitia?

    <p>It is the outermost layer providing structural support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During ventricular diastole, what happens in the ventricles?

    <p>The ventricles relax and fill with blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates capillaries from larger blood vessels?

    <p>Capillaries only have a tunica intima.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Levels of Organization

    • Molecules are the chemical level, composed of atoms, ions, and small molecules
    • Cells are the basic unit of life and the smallest unit capable of reproduction
    • Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform specific functions
    • Organs are structures formed by two or more tissues working together for a specific function
    • Organ systems are groups of organs working together
    • Organism is the complete human organism

    Homeostasis

    • Homeostasis is the process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment, even when external conditions change.
    • This process allows the body to function properly and survive.

    Negative Feedback Loops

    • Negative feedback loops counteract changes to internal variables to maintain homeostasis.
    • The feedback loop acts against a stimulus to bring it back to its set point.

    Anatomical Position and Body Planes

    • Anatomical position is the standard descriptive position of the body.
    • Body planes are imaginary planes that pass through the body in the anatomical position. Coronal (frontal) plane, Sagittal (longitudinal) plane, Transverse (axial) plane.
    • Directional terms include: medial, lateral, ventral, dorsal, distal, proximal.

    Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid

    • Intracellular fluid is the fluid inside cells.
    • Extracellular fluid is the fluid outside cells.
    • Extracellular fluid is subdivided into plasma, interstitial fluid, and transcellular fluid.

    Passive and Active Transport

    • Active transport uses energy to move molecules from a lower concentration to a higher concentration.
    • Passive transport moves molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration without using energy.

    Cellular Processes (Replication, Transcription, Translation)

    • DNA replication creates identical DNA strands.
    • Transcription converts DNA into mRNA.
    • Translation decodes mRNA into amino acids, forming proteins.

    Integumentary System - Epithelial Tissue Function

    • Protection, secretion, absorption, sensation, and glandular functions are performed by epithelial tissue.
    • Epithelial tissue lines body cavities and hollow organs and covers all internal and external surfaces of the body.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of biology related to the levels of organization in living organisms and the mechanisms of homeostasis. This quiz covers topics such as molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the significance of negative feedback loops in maintaining stable internal conditions. Test your knowledge on anatomical positions and body planes as well.

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