A & P Review

Spongy bone is composed of trabeculae and forms the inner part of bones.

Compact bone is dense and hard, providing strength and support.

Blood vessels and nerves enter bones through nutrient foramina for nourishment and innervation.

Cartilage is a strong, flexible connective tissue that protects joints and bones, acting as a shock absorber. reduces friction in joints.

Bones grow in length at the epiphyseal plate through a process similar to endochondral ossification.

The pectoral girdle, connects the upper limbs to the thoracic cage of the axial skeleton. It consists of the clavicle and scapula.

The pelvic girdle connects the lower limbs to the vertebral column.

Bones contain both compact and spongy bone tissue.

Slender bone on the lateral side of the leg, not weight-bearing.

Seven bones forming the posterior part of the foot.

Five elongated bones forming the mid-foot.

14 small bones in the toes, similar to finger bones.

Immovable joints where bones are connected by fibrous tissue.

Joints connected by cartilage, with limited movement.

Freely movable joints with a fluid-filled cavity.

Joints that don't move at all.

Part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord, comprised of nerves extending to body parts.

Composed of the brain and spinal cord, processing information and regulating body functions.

Part of the PNS controlling voluntary actions and conscious activities.

Part of the PNS controlling involuntary actions and unconscious activities (e.g., breathing, digestion).

Specialized structures in the body that detect stimuli (e.g., touch, pain, pressure) and send signals to the brain.

Cells that support neurons, helping them function efficiently.

Insulating substance around nerve fibers that speeds up signal transmission.

Nerves branching from the spinal cord connecting it to various body parts.

Blood's color changes based on oxygen levels. Oxygenated blood is redder, while deoxygenated blood is darker.

Plasma, the liquid part of blood, is mostly water (92%), with proteins (7%), salts, and other substances like sugars, hormones, and waste products.

Albumin is a crucial plasma protein, making up about 60%, maintaining water balance in the blood.

Globulins are the second most common plasma proteins, involved in transporting lipids, metal ions, and fat-soluble vitamins, and creating immunity.

Red blood cells are biconcave, meaning they are thicker at the edges and thinner in the middle, increasing their surface area.

Red blood cells are about 7-8 μm in diameter, smaller than white blood cells, but larger than platelets.

Red blood cells lack a nucleus and other organelles, containing cytoplasm and hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells, carries oxygen and carbon dioxide, giving blood its red color.

The atria contract, forcing the remaining blood into the ventricles. This phase is also known as the atrial kick.

The ventricles contract, forcing blood out of the heart through the aorta and pulmonary artery.

The atria relax and fill with blood.

The ventricles relax and fill with blood.

The sound created by the closing of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular contraction. It is normally described as a 'lub'.

The sound of the closing of the semilunar valves during ventricular diastole. It is described as a 'dub'.

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

The amount of blood pumped by the heart each time it beats.

The mediastinum is the space in the chest between the lungs that houses the heart, major blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, and lymph nodes.

The heart has three layers: the endocardium (inner), myocardium (middle muscle), and epicardium (outer protective layer).

The pericardium is a sac surrounding the heart that provides protection, lubrication, and prevents friction with other organs.

The atria are the upper chambers of the heart that receive blood entering the heart.

The ventricles are the lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out of the heart.

Heart valves ensure one-way blood flow by preventing backflow. They are located between chambers and major vessels.

Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and lungs, allowing for oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release.

Systemic circulation moves oxygenated blood from the heart throughout the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.