Biology Chapter: Human Respiration

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Questions and Answers

Match the gas with its primary destination in the respiratory system:

Oxygen = Body tissues Carbon dioxide = Alveoli Oxygenated blood = Lungs Deoxygenated blood = Body cells

Match the compound with its method of transportation in the blood:

Oxygen = Bound to hemoglobin Carbon dioxide = Dissolved in plasma Bicarbonate ions = Combined with water Oxygen and carbon dioxide = Diffusion gradients

Match the percentage with its respective gas transport method:

About 10% = Dissolved in plasma (CO2) About 20% = Bound to hemoglobin (CO2) About 70% = Combined with water (CO2) About 98% = Bound to hemoglobin (O2)

Match the type of blood with its description:

<p>Oxygenated blood = Bright cherry-red Deoxygenated blood = Maroon-red Blood transporting CO2 = Absorbing from tissues Blood transporting O2 = Supplies to body tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the gas exchange process with its location:

<p>O2 uptake = Lungs CO2 release = Lungs CO2 uptake = Body cells O2 release = Body tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of the gas exchange process with their descriptions:

<p>Oxygen (O2) = Required for cellular respiration Carbon Dioxide (CO2) = Waste product generated by cellular respiration Diffusion = Process for gas exchange based on concentration gradients Respiratory surfaces = Facilitate gas exchange by remaining moist and thin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the respiratory system with their functions:

<p>Nasal cavity = Passage for air entering the respiratory system Pharynx = Chamber that connects the nasal cavity to the larynx Trachea = Tube that carries air to the bronchi Alveoli = Site of gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of the human respiratory system with their functions:

<p>Conducting portion = Carries air in and out of the respiratory system Gas-exchange portion = Site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange Alveoli = Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs Bronchi = Passageways branching from the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures with their descriptions:

<p>Epiglottis = Flap that prevents food from entering the larynx Larynx = Area responsible for sound production Bronchi = Tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs Vocal cords = Elastic tissues that vibrate to produce sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the adaptations for gas exchange with their purposes:

<p>Moist surfaces = Allows gases to dissolve for diffusion Thin membranes = Minimizes diffusion distances Large surface area = Increases gas exchange efficiency Concentration gradients = Drive the movement of gases during diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events with their corresponding conditions:

<p>Inhaling = Epiglottis tilted upward Swallowing = Epiglottis folding downward Speaking = Vocal cords vibrating Exhaling = Air passing through the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of respiration with their roles:

<p>Cellular respiration = Converts nutrients into ATP Gas exchange = Supplies O2 and removes CO2 Respiration = Exchanging gases with the environment ATP = Energy currency of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the airway with their characteristics:

<p>Trachea = Flexible tube with cartilage reinforcement Bronchioles = Smaller tubes branching from bronchi Larynx = Voice box Alveoli = Microscopic air sacs for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the gas exchange requirements with their characteristics:

<p>Exchange of gases = Essential for life processes Diffusion reliance = Dependent on high and low concentration areas Respiratory surfaces = Must be extensive for adequate gas transfer Moist environment = Facilitates gas movement across cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the stages of respiration with their meanings:

<p>Inhalation = Taking air into the lungs Exhalation = Releasing air from the lungs Gas exchange = Transfer of O2 and CO2 in the lungs Cellular respiration = Utilization of O2 for energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of tissue found in the larynx with their functions:

<p>Elastic tissue = Responsible for vocal cord functionality Cartilage = Provides structure and support for the larynx Muscle tissue = Controls movement of the vocal cords Mucosal tissue = Keeps the airway moist</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their related processes:

<p>Inhalation = Air entering the lungs Exhalation = Air leaving the lungs Swallowing = Food directed to the esophagus Vocalization = Sound production through vocal cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to respiration with their definitions:

<p>Aerobic respiration = Requires oxygen Anaerobic respiration = Occurs without oxygen External respiration = Involves gas exchange in lungs Internal respiration = Involves gas exchange at the cellular level</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the gases involved in respiration with their roles:

<p>Oxygen = Used in cellular respiration Carbon Dioxide = Produced as a waste product Nitrogen = Major component of air but not used in respiration Water vapor = Affects gas exchange efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following lung structures with their roles:

<p>Bronchi = Main passages into the lungs Bronchioles = Regulate airflow to alveoli Alveoli = Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Larynx = Facilitates voice production</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following respiratory acts with their signs:

<p>Normal breathing = Epiglottis open Swallowing food = Epiglottis closed Singing = Vocal cords actively vibrating Coughing = Forceful exhalation through the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the alveoli with their functions:

<p>Surfactant = Prevents alveolar collapse Capillaries = Facilitate gas exchange Epithelial cells = Form the alveolar walls Moist air cavity = Promotes diffusion efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their descriptions:

<p>Diffusion = Movement of gases from high to low concentration Gas exchange = Oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer in lungs Inhalation = Breathing air into the lungs Exhalation = Release of air from the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following substances with their roles in gas exchange:

<p>Oxygen = Diffuses into red blood cells Carbon dioxide = Diffuses into the alveolus Water = Forms a fluid layer in alveoli Proteins = Component of surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following features of the alveoli with their characteristics:

<p>Thin walls = Facilitates efficient gas exchange Large surface area = Maximizes diffusion rate Moist environment = Enhances gas solubility Clustered structure = Increases total surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following gases with their directional movement during gas exchange:

<p>Oxygen = Into the bloodstream Carbon dioxide = Into the alveolus Nitrogen = Generally not exchanged Water vapor = Exhaled into the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures with their roles in the respiratory system:

<p>Bronchial tubes = Transport air to alveoli Alveolar surface = Site for gas exchange Capillary walls = Thin barriers for diffusion Respiratory membrane = Facilitates gas transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of cells with their specific functions:

<p>Epithelial cells = Make up alveolar walls Endothelial cells = Line capillaries Surfactant-producing cells = Maintain alveolar stability Red blood cells = Transport oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements about the lungs with their implications:

<p>300 million alveoli = High surface area for gas exchange Respiratory membrane = Critical for diffusion Moist air cavity = Prevents tissue damage Thin epithelial layer = Enhances diffusion efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to the respiratory system with their definitions:

<p>Inhalation = Active phase of breathing that enlarges the chest cavity Exhalation = Passive phase of breathing that reduces the chest cavity Diaphragm = Muscle that contracts and pulls down during inhalation Respiratory center = Part of the brain that regulates breathing rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes of breathing with their characteristics:

<p>Inhalation = Chest cavity enlargement and air intake Exhalation = Spontaneous air expulsion from lungs Diaphragm relaxation = Causes rib downward movement Rib muscle contraction = Lifts ribs during inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following functions with the associated muscles:

<p>Diaphragm = Contracts downward during inhalation Intercostal muscles = Lift ribs during inhalation Diaphragm relaxation = Domes upward during exhalation Rib muscles = Contribute to chest cavity size change</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following respiratory control mechanisms with their roles:

<p>CO2 receptors = Adjust breathing to maintain low CO2 levels Medulla = Location of the respiratory control center Nerve impulses = Stimulate diaphragm and rib muscles for inhalation Respiratory rate = Regulated to meet body's oxygen needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events with their sequence in breathing:

<p>Diaphragm contraction = Leading to chest cavity enlargement Air intake = Occurs during inhalation Rib muscle relaxation = Facilitates air expulsion Decreased chest cavity size = Occurs during exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the respiratory system with their functions:

<p>Chest cavity = Space that expands and contracts for breathing Diaphragm = Primary muscle used for inhalation Rib muscles = Assist in altering the size of the chest cavity Respiratory center = Controls and regulates breathing rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their effects on breathing:

<p>Diaphragm contraction = Pulls diaphragm down and aids inhalation Rib muscle contraction = Raises ribs to increase chest cavity volume Diaphragm relaxation = Stops contraction during exhalation Decreased CO2 levels = Triggers adjustments in breathing rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions with the correct breathing phase:

<p>Inhalation = Active process requiring muscle contraction Exhalation = Passive process allowing air to leave lungs Chest cavity enlargement = Characteristic of inhalation Chest cavity reduction = Characteristic of exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Respiration

The process by which organisms take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide in support of cellular respiration.

Cellular Respiration

The process that converts energy stored in nutrients into ATP for cellular energy, which requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide as waste.

Gas Exchange

The exchange of gases between organisms and their environment.

Diffusion

The movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Allows gases to move between the respiratory surfaces and the blood.

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Moist Respiratory Surfaces

These surfaces remain moist to allow for gas diffusion across cell membranes.

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Thin Respiratory Surfaces

Respiratory surfaces are thin to minimize the distance gases need to travel.

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Large Surface Area for Gas Exchange

A large surface area allows for efficient gas exchange by maximizing the contact between respiratory surfaces and the environment.

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Conducting Portion of Respiratory System

Parts of the respiratory system involved in transporting air to and from the gas exchange site.

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Hemoglobin

A protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen. It binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it to body tissues.

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CO2 Transport

The process by which carbon dioxide from cells enters the blood and is transported to the lungs to be exhaled.

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Oxygen Saturation

The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin in blood. It increases with higher partial pressure of oxygen and decreases with lower partial pressure.

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Oxygen Transport

The process by which oxygen from the lungs enters the blood and is delivered to cells.

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Inhalation

The process of drawing air into the lungs, which is achieved by expanding the chest cavity.

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Exhalation

The process of expelling air from the lungs, which occurs passively due to the elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall.

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Diaphragm

The primary muscle involved in breathing, located below the lungs. When contracted, it flattens and expands the chest cavity, aiding inhalation. When relaxed, it domes upward, reducing chest cavity size and aiding exhalation.

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Rib Muscles

Muscles attached to the ribs that help expand the chest cavity during inhalation by lifting the ribs.

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Respiratory Center

The control center in the brain responsible for regulating the rate and depth of breathing.

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CO2 Receptors

Located in the medulla (part of the brainstem), these sensors detect levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood and send signals to the respiratory center to adjust breathing rate.

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Breathing Rate

The rate at which air is breathed in and out. This is controlled by the respiratory center, which adjusts it based on the body's needs.

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What are alveoli?

The tiny air sacs in the lungs responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood.

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How does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

The movement of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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What is the purpose of surfactant in the alveoli?

A thin, moist layer lining the alveoli, containing a detergent-like substance called surfactant. It prevents the delicate alveoli from collapsing during exhalation.

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What is the role of capillaries in gas exchange?

A network of tiny blood vessels that surround the alveoli, allowing for efficient exchange of gases between the air and the blood.

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What is the respiratory membrane?

The membrane that separates the air in the alveoli from the blood in the capillaries, facilitating the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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What is respiration?

The process of breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide. It involves the coordinated movements of muscles and the expansion and contraction of the lungs.

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How does gas exchange occur between the alveoli and capillaries?

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries because the concentration of oxygen in the alveoli is higher than in the blood. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli because the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is higher than in the alveoli.

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Why is the surface area of the alveoli so large?

The surface area of the alveoli is very large, maximizing the opportunity for gas exchange. This is because there are so many alveoli in the lungs.

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What is the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

The conducting portion of the respiratory system is the passageway for air to travel from the nose or mouth to the lungs.

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What is the pharynx?

The pharynx is a chamber that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx, acting as a crossroads for air and food.

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What is the larynx and what is it responsible for?

The larynx, also known as the voice box, is the organ responsible for sound production. It contains the vocal cords, which vibrate when air is exhaled.

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What is the epiglottis and what does it do?

The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage that acts like a gatekeeper, protecting the larynx during swallowing by covering it and directing food into the esophagus.

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What are vocal cords and what do they do?

Vocal cords are bands of elastic tissue located in the larynx, which vibrate when air passes over them, creating sound.

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What is the trachea and what does it do?

The trachea is a flexible tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi, allowing air to travel to the lungs. It's reinforced with cartilage to keep it open.

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What are bronchi and where do they lead?

Bronchi are two branches of the trachea, one leading to each lung. They further divide into smaller airways called bronchioles.

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What are alveoli and what happens in them?

Alveoli are tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles in the lungs. These are the sites where gas exchange takes place between air and blood.

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Study Notes

Respiration Overview

  • Respiration is the process by which organisms exchange gases with their environment to support cellular respiration.
  • Gas exchange is crucial for cellular respiration because it provides oxygen needed for cellular energy production and removes carbon dioxide as a waste product.
  • Cellular respiration converts nutrients, like sugar, to ATP (energy).

Gas Exchange Requirements

  • Gas exchange relies on diffusion.
  • Respiratory surfaces are moist for gas solubility in water.
  • They are thin for efficient diffusion.
  • Respiratory surfaces have a large surface area to allow ample gas exchange.

Human Respiratory System Conductin Portion

  • The human respiratory system has a conducting portion that carries air to and from the gas-exchange portion.
  • Air enters through the nasal or oral cavity into the pharynx.
  • It travels to the larynx ("voice box") where sound production happens.
  • The epiglottis guards the opening to the larynx.
  • Air travels through the trachea, which is reinforced with cartilage.
  • The trachea branches into two bronchi, one for each lung.
  • Bronchi branch into bronchioles.
  • Bronchioles lead to alveoli.

Human Respiratory System Gas-Exchange Portion

  • Gas exchange happens in the alveoli in the lungs.
  • Alveoli are clustered like grapes at the ends of the bronchioles, providing a large surface area.
  • The human lung provides a moist, well-protected air cavity, where fragile membranes separate atmospheric air from the bloodstream.
  • There are approximately 300 million alveoli in adult lungs combined.

How Breathing Works

  • Breathing involves inhalation (actively enlarging chest cavity) and exhalation (passively decreasing chest cavity).
  • Inhalation: Diaphragm contracts pulling downward, ribs lift up. Enlarges the chest cavity, allowing air to flow in.
  • Exhalation: Diaphragm relaxes moving upward, ribs move down. Decreases the chest cavity, forcing air out.
  • Breathing rate is controlled by the respiratory center in the medulla.
  • Breathing rate is regulated by CO2 and O2 levels in response to body's needs. Impulses from the respiratory centre stimulate diaphragm and rib muscles for breathing.

Gas Exchange in Alveoli

  • Surfactant covers the alveoli, preventing the fragile surfaces from sticking together.
  • Gas exchange happens through the respiratory membrane (epithelial cells of alveoli and endothelial cells lining capillaries).
  • Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood.
  • Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.

Gas Transport in Blood

  • Oxygen is primarily bound to hemoglobin (98%).
  • Hemoglobin changes shape when oxygen binds, altering its color.
  • Carbon dioxide is transported in three ways (dissolved plasma, bound to hemoglobin, bicarbonate ions).
  • Bicarbonate ions are formed when CO2 reacts with water.

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