Biology Chapter: Glycolysis and Microscopy

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary outcome of glycolysis?

Release of oxygen

Production of glucose

Anaerobic breakdown of glucose into lactic acid (correct)

Formation of self-replicating RNA

What role does photosynthesis play in relation to Earth's atmosphere?

It synthesizes glucose and releases oxygen (correct)

It releases hydrogen gas as a byproduct

It increases carbon dioxide levels

It creates lactic acid from glucose

Which process is responsible for breaking down glucose into CO2 and H2O, releasing energy?

Lactic acid fermentation

Photosynthesis

Glycolysis

Oxidative metabolism (correct)

How did the development of photosynthesis impact evolution?

By changing the Earth's atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the energy yield of glycolysis compared to oxidative metabolism?

Oxidative metabolism releases much more energy Signup and view all the answers

What does the phase contrast microscope primarily enhance in observed samples?

Contrast of the waves Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of fixation in microscopy?

To stabilize and preserve cell structures Signup and view all the answers

Which microscopy technique is best for observing live samples without staining?

Differential interference contrast microscope Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of DIC microscopy can potentially mislead interpretation of cellular structures?

The pseudo-3D relief shading effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the main disadvantage of using light field microscopy on live cells?

It is unsuitable for observing living cells Signup and view all the answers

What property of the lens is critical for the resolution limit defined for microscopy methods?

Maximal half-angle of the cone of light Signup and view all the answers

Which microscopy technique uses polarized light to enhance contrast?

Differential interference contrast microscope Signup and view all the answers

In which microscopy technique does light pass directly through the cell?

Light field microscope Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes Paramecium from Chlamydomonas?

Paramecium are capable of ingesting bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of epithelial cells in the body?

Cover surfaces and line organs. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is made up of osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes?

Connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate size of Paramecium?

Up to 350 µm Signup and view all the answers

The evolution of multicellular organisms from single-celled eukaryotes is estimated to have occurred how many million years ago?

1000-2000 million years ago Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes Volvox algae?

Consists of large germ cells and somatic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a type of animal tissue mentioned?

Fibrous tissue Signup and view all the answers

What function is primarily associated with the cells in the salivary gland?

Secretion Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Anton van Leeuwenhoek's significant contributions to microscopy?

He observed and documented cells he called 'animalcules'. Signup and view all the answers

Who are credited with formulating the cell theory?

Mattias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann Signup and view all the answers

What do prokaryotic cells lack compared to eukaryotic cells?

Cytoplasmic organelles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, whereas prokaryotic cells do not. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is part of the cell theory?

Cells are the smallest living units in all organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What is one key concept regarding heredity in cell theory?

Heredity information is passed on from cell to cell through mitosis. Signup and view all the answers

How long ago did life emerge according to historical biological concepts?

Approximately 3.8 billion years ago. Signup and view all the answers

What significant shift did the formulation of cell theory provide in scientific understanding?

A movement away from spontaneous generation. Signup and view all the answers

What appearance do areas that allow greater passage of electrons have in scanning electron microscopy?

Electrolucent areas Signup and view all the answers

Which step in histological processing comes after fixation?

Tissue embedding Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of fixation in histological processing?

Stop degradation processes Signup and view all the answers

What can cryofixation cause that may damage cell structures?

Formation of ice crystals Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cryoprotective substances like sucrose in cryofixation?

They prevent ice crystal formation Signup and view all the answers

In scanning electron microscopy, what is used to achieve a three-dimensional image?

Heavy metal coating Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in histological processing?

Decalcification Signup and view all the answers

How are electrons projected onto a television monitor in scanning electron microscopy?

By sensors collecting emitted electrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using paraffin in tissue processing?

To provide structural support for fine cuts Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to create thinner sections for electron microscopy?

Utilizing an ultramicrotome Signup and view all the answers

What happens to resins during the tissue processing phase?

They solidify after heat or UV treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which staining agent primarily targets acidic substances in tissue?

Safranin Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario are staining steps typically unnecessary?

When examining cells in a liquid medium Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical thickness range for sections made with a microtome for optical microscopy?

3 to 5 mm Signup and view all the answers

What component is involved in the dehydration process during tissue preparation?

Ethanol Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the dyes used in optical microscopy?

They have a specific affinity based on chemical composition Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Unit 1: Overview of the cell and cell research

Biology is the study of the composition, development, functioning, links, and distribution of living things.
A cell is the fundamental unit of living beings that can reproduce independently.
Cell biology is a specialized discipline focusing on cell structure, function, components, interactions, and properties. It incorporates knowledge from genetics, biochemistry, immunology, and other areas.
Cell biology studies cells with regard to their properties, structure, functions, organelles, interactions with the environment, and life cycle.
Molecular biology investigates the processes of living beings from a molecular perspective, focusing on macromolecules (nucleic acids and proteins). It aims to understand the interactions of cellular systems, including DNA-RNA interactions, protein synthesis, metabolism, and regulation for cellular function.

Index

Origin and evolution of cells
Cells as experimental models
Cell biology instruments

1.1 Origin and evolution of cells

The cell
Cell types
Development of multicellular organisms

1.2 Cells as experimental models

Unicellular models: Escherichia coli, Yeast
Multicellular models: Arabidopsis thaliana, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Danio rerio, Mus musculus

Model organisms

All cells descend from a common ancestor, with fundamental properties conserved throughout evolution.
Knowledge from one organism can be applied to study others, like humans.
Different cell types and organisms are valuable tools for studying different aspects of molecular and cellular biology.
Various organisms have features that make them easier to study in labs (e.g., easy growth, fast reproduction, transparency)

1.3 Cell biology instruments

Optical microscopy, electron microscopy, super-resolution microscopy
Light microscope magnification: 1000X, resolving power: 0.2 µm
Electron microscope magnification: 150,000–200,000X, resolving power: 1-2 nm
Types of optical microscopy: light field, phase contrast, differential interference contrast, fluorescence, confocal, multiphoton
Specimen preparation methods: fixation, tissue embedding, sectioning, staining
Immunohistochemical techniques: direct and indirect methods
Flow cytometry: analyzing cell populations, separating subcellular components.
Subcellular separation methods: physical (osmotic shock, ultrasound, grinding) and enzymatic (e.g., lysozyme)
Differential centrifugation: separating cellular components based on size and density
Density-gradient centrifugation: separating components based on density differences in a gradient
Cell Cultures: various methods for growing cells in a lab setting
Immortal cells: cells derived from tumors that can proliferate indefinitely
HeLa cells: a historically important immortal cell line derived from cervical cancer tissue
Culture media: specific media formulations containing salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins for culture growth
Viruses: needing a host for reproduction, useful in studying cell functions.

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Description

This quiz covers fundamental concepts in biology relating to glycolysis and various microscopy techniques. Participants will explore the outcomes of glycolysis, the significance of photosynthesis, and the applications of different microscopy methods. Test your understanding of energy processes and imaging techniques!