Biology Chapter: First Line of Defence

<p>Innate immunity is slower to respond than acquired immunity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Directly attacking and destroying invading pathogens by releasing cytotoxic enzymes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They recognize and bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), triggering immune responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TLR9 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TLR4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opsonins coat pathogens, enhancing their recognition and uptake by phagocytes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both TLR2 and TLR4 recognize components of bacterial cell walls, but TLR2 targets peptidoglycan, and TLR4 targets lipopolysaccharide. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the site where ingested pathogens are enclosed and internalized within the macrophage, setting the stage for destruction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Actin polymerization pushes the macrophage's membrane around the target pathogen, engulfing it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PAMPs are unique patterns found on pathogens, and PRRs are receptors on immune cells that recognize these patterns. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phagosome fuses with a lysosome, exposing the microbe to a harsh environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It denatures essential bacterial enzymes, inhibiting their function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TLRs bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger intracellular signaling pathways. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysozymes degrade the cell wall of bacteria, making them more vulnerable to other killing mechanisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The innate immune response provides a first line of defense while the adaptive immune response develops a specific response to the invading pathogen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mast cells are specialized cells that reside in tissues and release histamine and cytokines in response to various stimuli, including PAMPS, cytokines, or antibodies. They play a crucial role in vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, leading to the influx of immune cells to the site of infection or injury. In addition, their histamine release is linked to allergic reactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils adhere to the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels, roll along the vessel wall, and eventually squeeze through the vessel wall into the surrounding tissue. This process involves interactions between adhesion molecules on neutrophils and endothelial cells, influenced by the presence of inflammatory mediators. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytokines released by injured cells act as chemoattractants for immune cells, guiding them to the site of injury or infection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasodilation increases blood flow to the area of infection, delivering more immune cells and nutrients to the site. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased capillary permeability leads to the accumulation of fluid in the surrounding tissue, resulting in edema (swelling). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PRRs are receptors on immune cells that recognize and bind to PAMPS, triggering an immune response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activated endothelial cells produce and express adhesion molecules on their surface, allowing neutrophils to stick to the vessel wall. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monocytes differentiate into macrophages at the site of infection, where they engulf and destroy pathogens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CXCL8 (A), IL-8 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creating concentration gradients to guide leukocytes towards the site of infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promoting strong adhesion between the leukocyte and endothelial cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Altering gene expression, leading to changes in cellular behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inducing the expression of ICAMs on endothelial cells, facilitating leukocyte adhesion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It recruits and activates immune cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition by proteins like CD59 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as ligands for immune cell activation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It facilitates the entry of antimicrobial enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leukocytes, which are involved in immune defense (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C1s (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrolysis of C3 in blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through carbohydrate patterns on microbial surfaces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To trigger the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C4b binds to the microbial surface and aids in forming C3 convertase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding of MBL to bacterial surfaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After formation of C5 convertase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It does not require any specific recognition elements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BCRs bind to specific antigens, initiating a cascade of events that leads to the activation and clonal expansion of B lymphocytes, which ultimately produce antibodies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory B cells provide rapid and efficient antibody production upon re-exposure to the same antigen, contributing to long-lasting immunity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TCRs have only one antigen-binding site, while BCRs have two antigen-binding sites. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vaccines stimulate the production of memory B cells, enabling a rapid and robust immune response upon re-exposure to the pathogen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasma cells secrete antibodies for a limited time, while memory B cells provide long-term protection against specific pathogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The development of memory B cells and T cells, which can rapidly differentiate into effector cells upon re-exposure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above mechanisms contribute to antibody diversity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DCs present antigens to T cells, activating these cells and initiating the adaptive immune response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The affinity of antibodies typically increases during the immune response due to somatic hypermutation and selection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymph nodes facilitate the interaction between antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells, initiating the adaptive immune response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Innate: The response is inherited and does not require prior exposure to a pathogen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The V region binds to specific epitopes on antigens, providing antigen specificity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic hypermutation, introducing random mutations within the variable region of the antibody gene. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Th cells facilitate the activation of B cells by providing necessary signals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B cell binds IgD --&gt; engulfs antigen --&gt; presents via MHCII --&gt; activated by Th cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4-7 days. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Free soluble antigens circulating in lymph fluid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The generation of 5000 plasma cells that secrete antibodies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytotoxic T cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Displaying antigens on all nucleated cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They stimulate B cells to differentiate into plasma and memory cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Major histocompatibility complex I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>APCs digest microbes and present their antigens to T cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Costimulation by cytokines from other immune cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are activated immediately upon exposure to the same antigen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clonal expansion triggered by dendritic cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DCs engulf and present gut antigens to T cells, promoting the activation of anti-inflammatory responses and suppressing excessive immune activation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disruption of Treg cell function leads to a breakdown in immune tolerance, potentially resulting in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The MIS provides a specialized immune environment for protecting the gut from toxic elements that enter via the mucous membranes, while effectively managing the commensal microbiota. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inductive sites primarily focus on antigen uptake and processing, leading to the generation of memory B cells, while effector sites are responsible for the deployment of antigen-specific cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The gut microbiota directly interacts with immune cells, promoting the induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) that help maintain immune tolerance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Directly controlling the composition of the gut microbiota by eliminating certain species and promoting others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic inflammation disrupts the gut barrier integrity, increasing the risk of infections and potentially leading to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased susceptibility to pathogens, as they can more easily gain access to the bloodstream. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IL-10 suppresses the activity of pro-inflammatory T cells, preventing excessive inflammation and maintaining tolerance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased exposure of the lamina propria to luminal antigens, potentially triggering an immune response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural killer (NK) cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of Treg cells, leading to suppression of the inflammatory response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ILC3s interact with DCs to induce the production of IL-22, which activates epithelial cells to produce antimicrobial peptides. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polarization of naive T cells towards pro-inflammatory effector T cell subsets (Th1, Th17), escalating the immune response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blocking these cytokines helps restore the integrity of the gut epithelial barrier, reducing inflammation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>iTregs primarily target foreign antigens, while nTregs focus on controlling autoimmune inflammation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>M cells transport vaccine antigens from the lumen of the gut to antigen-presenting cells (APCs), initiating an immune response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific recognition of unique pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fel d 1 is typically inhaled in significantly larger quantities than pollen allergens, highlighting its potency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of a specific protein epitope that IgE antibodies can readily bind to. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A high IgE test result indicates an allergic reaction to a specific allergen, but further evaluation is often necessary for confirmation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Grass pollen allergens are primarily released through physical disturbance, while Fel d 1 is continuously present in the air. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The size and weight of airborne allergens determine their ability to penetrate the respiratory system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fel D1 binds to IgE antibodies on the surface of mast cells, triggering degranulation and the release of inflammatory mediators. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The vaccine induces the production of anti-Fel D1 IgG antibodies in the cat, which bind to Fel D1, reducing its reactivity and allergenicity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cat dander primarily stimulates IgE production, while grass pollen elicits an IgG response, resulting in different types of allergic reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Airborne allergens have a long airborne duration, allowing them to travel long distances and reach sensitive respiratory tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dust mite feces, containing Der P1, a major allergen, can be aerosolized and inhaled, triggering an IgE-mediated immune response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cat dander primarily elicits an IgE-mediated response, while dust mites trigger both IgE and IgG responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Grass pollen contains a specific protein called LOL p1 that binds to IgE antibodies, triggering mast cell degranulation and allergic reactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgA antibodies neutralize pollen allergens in the mucosal surfaces, preventing them from reaching the respiratory tract and triggering an allergic response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nature of the allergen, including its type, dose, and the route of exposure, all play a role in determining whether sensitization occurs. (A), Atopic individuals have a higher predisposition to develop allergies, likely due to genetic factors. (B), The presence of certain immune cells like DCs, which are involved in initiating the Th2 response, can contribute to the development of allergic sensitization. (C), Environmental factors, such as exposure to microbes, can modulate the T-cell response to allergens, influencing whether sensitization develops. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure to cat allergens results in the activation of memory Th2 cells, which contribute to the production of IgE antibodies, ultimately leading to mast cell degranulation and the release of inflammatory mediators. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SLIT induces immune deviation, shifting the immune response away from the Th2 pathway and towards a more tolerant state, reducing allergic reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The gut environment can promote the development of tolerance to allergens, while exposure to allergens through the skin or respiratory system can facilitate sensitization. (A), Exposure to allergens through the skin, particularly in individuals with eczema, can lead to the activation of both Th2 and Th17 cells. (B), The site of exposure, as well as the dose of allergen, significantly contribute to the development of allergic reactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IL-4 stimulates the production of IgE antibodies, which bind to mast cells and trigger the release of histamine upon allergen exposure. (A), IL-4 promotes the differentiation of naive T cells into Th2 cells, which secrete cytokines that contribute to the allergic response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DCs express TLRs, which recognize specific patterns on allergens and activate signaling pathways leading to the production of cytokines that promote Th2 differentiation. (A), DCs capture allergens and present them to T cells, initiating a cascade of events that results in the development of Th2 cells. (B), DCs migrate to lymph nodes and present allergen-derived peptides to T cells, leading to the generation of allergen-specific T cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These epitopes are recognized by a wide range of individuals, regardless of their HLA haplotype, suggesting a common genetic basis for allergic sensitization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microbes can suppress the Th2 response by activating different T-cell subsets, such as Th1 and Th17 cells, which compete with Th2 cells for resources and cytokine production. (A), Microbes can induce the production of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which suppress Th2 activity and promote tolerance to allergens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic variations in the genes encoding TLRs can alter the recognition of allergens by DCs, influencing the downstream signaling pathways that ultimately determine the immune response. (A), Mutations in genes involved in skin barrier function, such as filaggrin, can increase susceptibility to allergic sensitization by allowing allergens to penetrate the skin more easily. (B), Individuals with specific HLA haplotypes may be more likely to develop allergies, as they have a higher predisposition to present allergen-derived peptides to T cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High doses of allergen extract gradually shift the immune response away from a Th2-dominated response towards a more protective Th1 response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced inflammation response to pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chest X-ray and echocardiogram (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It develops a specific response to each pathogen, targeting it with specialized cells and antibodies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIV can rapidly mutate, altering its antigens and preventing recognition by antibodies and T cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is usually caused by the same pathogen as the primary infection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dendritic cells (DCs) capture HIV antigens and present them to T lymphocytes, leading to the activation of the adaptive immune response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytizing and killing pathogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIV can establish latent infection in CD4+ T cells, allowing it to evade immune detection and replicate later. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The innate immune system doesn't require prior exposure to pathogens, while the adaptive immune system does. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, vital for the activation of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insect bites (A), Airborne droplets (B), Direct contact (C), Indirect contact (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recurrence of infections primarily in the ears, lungs, and sinuses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transplantation of thymus tissue or stem cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T cells directly kill B cells infected with EBV, helping to control the infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Typically acquired through exposure to a pathogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maturation of T cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired cell-mediated immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The classical pathway is triggered by antibodies, while the alternative pathway is triggered by the presence of microbial surfaces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cleaves C3 into C3a and C3b, leading to opsonization and the activation of other complement components (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct lysis of bacterial cells by creating pores in the cell membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It does not require the activation of C1q (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced ability to opsonize bacteria and activate other complement components (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phagosome fuses with lysosomes, creating a phagolysosome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct killing of infected cells without the need for prior sensitization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIV can hide from anti-HIV antibodies by expressing non-immunogenic glycans on key antibody epitopes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dendritic cells (DCs) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CD8+ T cells directly kill infected cells by releasing cytotoxic granules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Latent infection allows HIV to persist in a dormant state, making it difficult for the immune system to eliminate all infected cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased proliferation capacity of CD4+ T cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIV can mutate its surface proteins, making it difficult for T cell receptors to recognize infected cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MHC I displays degraded HIV peptide fragments on the cell surface for recognition by CD8+ T cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They block the binding of HIV to the CD4 receptor on T cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DiGeorge syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An acute bacterial infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NK cells are part of the innate immune system and kill cells that lack MHC I expression, which is often found in virally infected cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An inflammatory condition, such as an infection or injury. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mother passes on a cold to her infant through breastfeeding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased susceptibility to infections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A decrease in the level of CRP in the blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bruton's agammaglobulinemia (XLA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infectious mononucleosis is commonly associated with swollen lymph nodes, while XLA is characterized by a lack of lymph nodes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutation in the gene that affects immune cell development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzyme replacement therapy using PEG-ADA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CXCR4 helps HIV to bind to and enter T cells, leading to the destruction of these crucial immune cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Swollen lymph nodes and fever (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIV uses T cells to replicate, causing a decrease in the number of functional T cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The thymus gland is essential for the development and maturation of T cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of bacterial and viral infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The parathyroid gland regulates calcium levels in the blood, which is indirectly important for immune function. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Swollen lymph nodes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early transplantation helps to restore the patient's immune system before it becomes too weak. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibodies flag pathogens for destruction by phagocytic cells, such as macrophages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B cells produce antibodies that recognize specific antigens, while T cells help activate and regulate B cell responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary immune deficiencies are caused by genetic factors, while acquired immune deficiencies are caused by environmental factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the individual has a compromised T-cell response, as they may be unable to mount an effective antibody response against the polysaccharide. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The vaccine needs to provide long-term protection against the pathogen while not damaging the individual, for the highest level of success. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pre-existing antibodies may not be specific enough to target the correct epitopes on the pathogen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T-cells can differentiate into memory cells, which can help to fight off future infections. (A), T-cells help to present antigens to other immune cells. (B), T-cells help to kill cells infected by the pathogen. (C), T-cells help to activate B-cells, leading to the production of antibodies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance the antigenicity of the vaccine by promoting the production of antibodies against the target pathogen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It makes the polysaccharide antigen more accessible to T-cells, thereby triggering T-cell dependent antibody responses which are more effective in infants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pre-existing antibodies would neutralize the exotoxin preventing damage to the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early vaccines for RSV did not induce the production of neutralizing antibodies against the virus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mutated strain produces a defective enzyme vital for the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, hindering its ability to cause disease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may induce an immune response that specifically targets only the attenuated strain, leaving the host susceptible to infection by other strains. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The route of vaccination influences the type of immune response generated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA vaccines are genetically engineered to be non-replicating, eliminating the risk of reverting to a virulent form. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA vaccines can target specific immune responses to enhance the body's ability to control the infection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ICP-47 interferes with the presentation of viral peptides to the immune system by MHC I molecules, rendering the infected cells invisible to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The immune response is unable to completely clear the infection due to the virus's ability to evade immune surveillance by hiding in nerve tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IL-12 promotes the differentiation of T cells into TH1 cells, shifting the immune response to favor the clearance of Leishmania. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delayed IL-4 administration promotes the differentiation of T cells into TH2 cells, favoring the parasite's survival and preventing the development of an effective immune response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The immune response to schistosome ova results in granulomatous inflammation, which can lead to fibrosis and organ damage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthetic peptides may not be immunogenic in individuals lacking the specific MHC allele. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ISCOMs deliver peptides to the cytoplasm of antigen-presenting cells, where they can be processed and presented by MHC class 1. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attenuated viruses can replicate too rapidly in these individuals, leading to severe illness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Live-attenuated viral vaccines activate CD8 T cells by presenting viral proteins directly to MHC class 1 molecules, while inactivated vaccines rely on antigen-presenting cells to process and present viral proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptides are not strongly immunogenic and require additional adjuvants to stimulate a proper immune response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To identify specific T cell epitopes that are associated with protective immunity, potentially leading to the development of more focused and effective vaccines. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They directly stimulate antigen-presenting cells by activating TLRs, leading to enhanced antigen presentation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The virus is inactivated and cannot replicate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances the antigen presentation efficiency of antigen-presenting cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activated DCs migrate to lymph nodes where they present antigens to T cells, triggering an adaptive immune response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct activation by binding to antibodies specific to the invading microorganisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To generate a library of potential T cell epitopes that can be screened for their ability to stimulate protective immunity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identifying MHC-restricted T cell epitopes from known disease-associated antigens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ISCOMs form lipid micelles that can fuse with the cell membrane, delivering peptides directly into the cytosol. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The attenuated virus may fail to replicate effectively, rendering the vaccine ineffective. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers