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Questions and Answers
What component is essential for enzyme activity that is not a protein?
What component is essential for enzyme activity that is not a protein?
Which of the following is a common feature of most enzymes?
Which of the following is a common feature of most enzymes?
What suffix is commonly found in the names of enzymes?
What suffix is commonly found in the names of enzymes?
Which enzyme class is specifically involved in hydrolysis reactions?
Which enzyme class is specifically involved in hydrolysis reactions?
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What structural characteristic is primarily responsible for enzyme specificity?
What structural characteristic is primarily responsible for enzyme specificity?
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Which amino acid is known for containing sulfur and is important in protein structure?
Which amino acid is known for containing sulfur and is important in protein structure?
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What is the term for the model that describes the fit between an enzyme's active site and its substrate?
What is the term for the model that describes the fit between an enzyme's active site and its substrate?
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Which of the following roles does a cofactor NOT have in enzyme activity?
Which of the following roles does a cofactor NOT have in enzyme activity?
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Which polysaccharide cannot be digested by humans?
Which polysaccharide cannot be digested by humans?
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Which sugar alcohol is primarily utilized as a sweetener in chewing gum?
Which sugar alcohol is primarily utilized as a sweetener in chewing gum?
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Which polysaccharide serves a structural function in cartilage?
Which polysaccharide serves a structural function in cartilage?
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Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down sucrose into glucose and fructose?
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down sucrose into glucose and fructose?
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What is the primary function of glycoproteins in biological systems?
What is the primary function of glycoproteins in biological systems?
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What type of carbohydrate constitutes dietary fiber?
What type of carbohydrate constitutes dietary fiber?
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What can be a consequence of insufficient dietary fiber intake?
What can be a consequence of insufficient dietary fiber intake?
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Which glycosaminoglycan functions as an anticoagulant?
Which glycosaminoglycan functions as an anticoagulant?
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What type of mutation involves substituting one nucleotide for another?
What type of mutation involves substituting one nucleotide for another?
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Which component forms the backbone of DNA?
Which component forms the backbone of DNA?
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What is the term for the sequence written from the 5′ to 3′ end?
What is the term for the sequence written from the 5′ to 3′ end?
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Which class of enzymes is responsible for catalyzing the rearrangement of atoms within a molecule?
Which class of enzymes is responsible for catalyzing the rearrangement of atoms within a molecule?
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In the context of mRNA, what does the 'A' stand for?
In the context of mRNA, what does the 'A' stand for?
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Which type of DNA repair mechanism removes up to 24-32 nucleotides?
Which type of DNA repair mechanism removes up to 24-32 nucleotides?
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What is the primary function of transferases in enzymatic processes?
What is the primary function of transferases in enzymatic processes?
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What is the three-dimensional structure of tRNA characterized as?
What is the three-dimensional structure of tRNA characterized as?
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Which enzyme is characterized by its specific action on L-amino acids?
Which enzyme is characterized by its specific action on L-amino acids?
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What type of reaction do ligases primarily catalyze?
What type of reaction do ligases primarily catalyze?
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What is the primary role of mRNA during protein synthesis?
What is the primary role of mRNA during protein synthesis?
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Which repair mechanism is primarily tasked with correcting bulky DNA lesions?
Which repair mechanism is primarily tasked with correcting bulky DNA lesions?
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Phosphatases are enzymes that exhibit which type of specificity?
Phosphatases are enzymes that exhibit which type of specificity?
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Which enzyme would primarily be responsible for removing a carboxyl group from a substrate?
Which enzyme would primarily be responsible for removing a carboxyl group from a substrate?
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What creates the major and minor grooves in the DNA double helix?
What creates the major and minor grooves in the DNA double helix?
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Which specificity describes enzymes that act only on a single substrate?
Which specificity describes enzymes that act only on a single substrate?
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What is the function of the sugar-phosphate backbone?
What is the function of the sugar-phosphate backbone?
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In enzymatic reactions, what describes the specificity for substrate types rather than specific molecules?
In enzymatic reactions, what describes the specificity for substrate types rather than specific molecules?
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How many base pairs are found in one complete turn of a DNA helix?
How many base pairs are found in one complete turn of a DNA helix?
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Which enzyme unwinds the DNA double helix during replication?
Which enzyme unwinds the DNA double helix during replication?
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What are Okazaki fragments?
What are Okazaki fragments?
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What is the function of DNA polymerase?
What is the function of DNA polymerase?
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DNA replication is characterized as which of the following?
DNA replication is characterized as which of the following?
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Which enzyme seals nicks in the sugar-phosphate backbone?
Which enzyme seals nicks in the sugar-phosphate backbone?
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What happens to enzyme activity when substrate concentration is increased at a constant enzyme concentration?
What happens to enzyme activity when substrate concentration is increased at a constant enzyme concentration?
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What is the optimum temperature for most human enzymes?
What is the optimum temperature for most human enzymes?
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What is the optimal pH level for pepsin to function effectively in the stomach?
What is the optimal pH level for pepsin to function effectively in the stomach?
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According to the lock-and-key model, what is true about the active site of an enzyme?
According to the lock-and-key model, what is true about the active site of an enzyme?
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Which model explains the flexibility of the enzyme's active site?
Which model explains the flexibility of the enzyme's active site?
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What characteristic defines a competitive inhibitor in enzymatic reactions?
What characteristic defines a competitive inhibitor in enzymatic reactions?
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Which statement accurately describes noncompetitive inhibitors?
Which statement accurately describes noncompetitive inhibitors?
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What effect does increasing substrate concentration have at low Michaelis-Menten kinetics?
What effect does increasing substrate concentration have at low Michaelis-Menten kinetics?
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Study Notes
Biochemistry - Finals Practice Questions
- Biochemistry: The study of the structure and function of biomolecules
- Bioorganic substances: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
- Lipids' function: Forming cell membranes, serving as an energy source, acting as chemical messengers; NOT catalyzing reactions
- Enzymes' function: Catalyzing and accelerating chemical reactions
- Cell's powerhouse: Mitochondria
- Protein synthesis location: Ribosomes
- Nucleic acids' role: Storing genetic information and directing protein synthesis
- Cell membrane's purpose: Separating the internal environment from the external environment
- Metabolism: The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms
- Organelle for packaging and distribution of proteins: Golgi apparatus
- Molecule responsible for catalyzing reactions in cells: Proteins
- Photosynthesis location: Chloroplasts
- Lysosomes' function: Digesting unwanted materials in the cell
- Endoplasmic reticulum's function: Protein and lipid synthesis
- Nucleus' contents: Genetic material (DNA)
- Cell membrane structure: Bilayer of phospholipids
- Peroxisomes' function: Breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
- Common elements in living organisms: Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen
- Oxidation-reduction reaction in metabolism: Transfer of electrons between molecules
- Information center of the cell: Nucleus
- Most abundant molecule in living cells: Water
- Bond connecting nucleotides in DNA: Phosphodiester bonds
- Carbohydrates' primary role: Providing energy
- Main structural component of cell membranes: Lipids
- Primary glucose storage in animals: Glycogen
- Enzyme property (NOT): Being consumed during a reaction; enzymes are reusable
- Type of molecule ATP is: Nucleotide
- Process that breaks down glucose for energy: Glycolysis
- Location of oxidative phosphorylation: Mitochondria
- Amino acid description: Building block of proteins
- RNA's role in protein synthesis: Transporting amino acids to ribosomes
- Plant cell structure (NOT in animal cells): Cell wall
- Part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate: Active site
- Function of chloroplasts: Photosynthesis
- Molecule carrying genetic code from nucleus to ribosome: mRNA
- Backbone of a protein molecule composed of: Amino acids
- Molecule primarily involved in long-term energy storage: Fatty acids
- Function of the Golgi apparatus: Modifying and packaging proteins
- NOT a function of nucleic acids: Providing cellular energy
- Cholesterol's role in cell membranes: Maintaining membrane fluidity
- "Bad cholesterol": LDL (low-density lipoprotein)
- Eicosanoids derived from: Arachidonic acid
- Essential fatty acid: Linoleic acid
- Beneficial fat for diet: Monounsaturated fats
- Artificial fat substitute: Olestra
- Lipid-soluble vitamin involved in blood clotting: Vitamin K
- Lipid transporting cholesterol from the liver: LDL
- Lipid class of wax: Biological waxes
- Process converting oils to solid fats: Hydrogenation
- Enzyme digesting starch in humans: Amylase
- Polysaccharide in arthropod exoskeletons: Chitin
- Sugar alcohol sweetener: Sorbitol
- Polysaccharide in cartilage: Chondroitin sulfate
- Enzyme breaking down sucrose: Sucrase
- General role of glycoproteins: Cell-cell recognition and communication
- Dietary fiber source: Indigestible carbohydrates
- Consequence of lack of dietary fiber: Increased digestive plaque formation
- Glycosaminoglycan as anticoagulant: Heparin
- Definition of a lipid: An organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents
Carbohydrates Study Notes
- Carbohydrate classification: Polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones
- Carbohydrate function (NOT): Storing genetic information
- Empirical formula of carbohydrates: CnH2nOn
- Simplest form of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides
- Glucose classification: Aldohexose
- Disaccharide in milk: Lactose
- Cellulose linkage: β-1,4-glycosidic
- Sweetest sugar: Fructose
- Glycogen function: Long-term energy storage in animals
- Primary structural polysaccharide in plants: Cellulose
- RNA component sugar: Ribose
- Blood sugar molecule: Glucose
- Bond forming between monosaccharides: Glycosidic bond (specifically, condensation or dehydration reaction)
- Reducing disaccharide in beer/germinating grains: Maltose
- Non-reducing sugar: Sucrose
- Polysaccharide turning blue with iodine: Starch
- Glucose storage in animals: Glycogen
- Glycosidic bond in sucrose: α-1,2-glycosidic
- Homopolysaccharide examples: Starch, glycogen, cellulose (and others)
- Cellulose repeating unit: D-glucose
- Amylopectin characteristic (NOT): Having β-1,4-glycosidic bonds
- Enzyme digesting starch in humans: Amylase
- Sugar derivative from reducing glucose: Sorbitol (Glucitol)
- Joint lubricant polysaccharide: Hyaluronic acid
Lipids Study Notes
- Lipid Definition: An organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents
- Lipid classifications (NOT): Vitamins
- Triacylglycerol function: Energy storage
- Membrane lipids: Phospholipids
- Steroid hormone: Cholesterol
- Saturated fatty acid: Stearic acid
- Polyunsaturated fatty acid: Having two or more double bonds
- Omega-3 fatty acids: Role in heart health and inflammation reduction
- Main component of biological membranes: Phospholipids
- Key structural feature of phospholipid: Two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol
- Steroid: Cholesterol
- Bile acids' role in lipid digestion: Emulsification of dietary fats
- Essential fatty acid: Linoleic acid
- Cholesterol role in cell membranes: Maintaining membrane fluidity
- "Bad cholesterol": LDL (low-density lipoprotein)
- Eicosanoids source: Arachidonic acid
- Eicosanoids' function(NOT): Producing ATP
- Steroid hormones' function: Regulating reproduction and secondary sex characteristics
- Component of biological waxes: Fatty acids and long-chain alcohols
- "Antioxidant vitamin": Vitamin E
- Cause of lipid rancidity: Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids
- Lipid class involved in cellular signaling and immune responses: Eicosanoids
- Essential lipid for vitamin D production: Cholesterol
- Lipid involved in emulsification of fats during digestion: Bile acids
- Lipid disorder characterized by high LDL: Hypercholesterolemia
- Lipid important for myelin sheath: Sphingomyelin
- Lipid promoting inflammation and allergic responses: Leukotriene
- Product of triacylglycerol saponification: Glycerol and fatty acid salts
- "Good cholesterol": HDL (high-density lipoprotein)
- Triglyceride backbone: Glycerol
Proteins Study Notes
- Protein composition: Amino acids
- Protein mass percentage after water: 15%
- Protein element NOT commonly found: Silicon
- Protein containing only amino acids: Simple protein
- Protein class including albumin: Simple protein
- Fibrous protein example: Collagen
- Myoglobin function: Storing oxygen in muscles
- Insulin type of protein: Messenger protein
- Essential amino acid: Lysine
- Protein for oxygen transport: Hemoglobin
- Protein storing iron: Ferritin
- Protein for movement: Myosin
- Bond linking amino acids in protein: Peptide bond
- Secondary protein structure (NOT): Tertiary coil
- Bond holding alpha-helix structure: Hydrogen bonds
- Protein with prosthetic group: Conjugated protein
- Achiral amino acid: Glycine
- Protein structure determining function: Tertiary structure
- Bond stabilizing secondary structures: Hydrogen bonds
- Amino acid with sulfur: Cysteine
- Type of molecule an enzyme is: Protein
- Protein for hard body covering: Keratin
- Storage form of glucose in animals: Glycogen
Enzymes Study Notes
- Enzyme composition: Primarily proteins
- Cofactor role: Necessary for enzyme activity
- Enzyme suffix: -ase
- Hydrolysis-catalyzing enzyme class: Hydrolases
- Enzyme active site model: Induced Fit Model
- Enzyme regulation (NOT): Passive regulation
- Enzyme active site: Region where substrate binds and catalysis occurs, specifically, the active site of the enzyme
- Effect of high temperature on enzymes (NOT): becoming more active
- Enzyme regulation mechanism: Feedback inhibition
- Enzyme inhibitor that resembles substrate: Competitive inhibitor
- Enzyme inhibitor changing enzyme shape: Noncompetitive inhibitor
- Effect of increasing enzyme concentration: Increased enzyme activity
- Maximal enzyme activity point due to substrate saturation: Enzyme saturation
Nucleic Acids Study Notes
- DNA/RNA repeating unit: Nucleotide
- RNA sugar: Ribose
- DNA sugar: Deoxyribose
- Base pairing with guanine (G) in DNA: Cytosine (C)
- DNA double helix diameter: ~2 nm
- RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome: tRNA
- Enzyme during transcription: RNA polymerase
- Process copying DNA into an identical strand: Replication
- Mutation replacing one nucleotide for another: Point mutation
- DNA backbone: Sugar-phosphate groups
- DNA end sequence from 5' to 3': Nucleic acid sequence
- Messenger RNA abbreviation: mRNA
- Base unique to RNA: Uracil
- Enzyme sealing nicks in DNA: DNA ligase
- T/RNA shape in 3D: L-shaped
- Codon length: Three nucleotides
- Genetic code degeneracy meaning: Multiple codons code for the same amino acid
- Termination sequence in protein synthesis: Stop codons (e.g., UAA, UAG, UGA)
- Enzyme that unwinds DNA: Helicase
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Test your knowledge on enzymes and carbohydrates with this quiz. Explore essential components for enzyme activity, structural characteristics, and classifications within biological systems. Perfect for students studying biology at various levels.
