Biology Chapter: Enzyme Function and Activity
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of an enzyme?

  • To be used up in a chemical reaction
  • To speed up a chemical reaction without being used up (correct)
  • To slow down a chemical reaction
  • To create new molecules

    • Enzymes are considered inorganic catalysts.

    False (B)

    What is the term for an enzyme that has lost its ability to function due to a change in its shape?

    denatured

    The enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose is called ______.

    <p>amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Catabolic reaction = Breakdown of complex molecules into smaller ones Anabolic reaction = Build-up of complex molecules from smaller ones Metabolism = The sum of all chemical reactions within an organism Denatured enzyme = An enzyme that has lost its ability to function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can affect enzyme activity?

    <p>Both temperature and pH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plant enzymes typically function best at 37°C.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general name given to enzymes in terms of how they affect the rate of reactions?

    <p>catalysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimum pH for most enzymes?

    <p>pH 7 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immobilised enzymes can exit the reaction vessel freely.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bio-processing?

    <p>The use of enzyme-controlled reactions to produce a product.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of trapping enzymes in a bead or gel is called __________.

    <p>immobilisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following enzymes with their uses:

    <p>Glucose Isomerase = Conversion of glucose to fructose Penicillin acylase = Synthesis of new antibiotics Lactase = Breakdown of lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of using free enzymes in reactions?

    <p>They can be lost at the end of the process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes are only effective at very high pH levels.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one advantage of immobilising enzymes.

    <p>They can be reused, saving money.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary enzyme investigated in the experiments?

    <p>Catalase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The optimal temperature for catalase activity is lower than 20°C.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the products of the reaction catalyzed by catalase?

    <p>Water and oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzyme in celery is called _________.

    <p>catalase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pH solutions with their corresponding enzymes used in the experiment:

    <p>Buffer 4 = Enzyme not working Buffer 7 = Optimal enzyme activity Buffer 10 = Reduced enzyme activity Buffer 13 = Enzyme denatured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What safety equipment is not listed for the enzyme experiments?

    <p>Fire extinguisher (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The washing-up liquid is added to aid in the blending of celery.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step when investigating the effect of temperature on enzyme action?

    <p>Collect all equipment listed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimum pH for the enzyme catalase?

    <p>pH 9 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Washing-up liquid releases hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substrate does the enzyme catalase act upon?

    <p>Hydrogen peroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzyme that utilizes sucrose as a substrate is called ______.

    <p>Sucrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equipment is NOT used in the enzyme immobilization method?

    <p>Test tubes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following enzymes with their corresponding substrates:

    <p>Catalase = Hydrogen peroxide Sucrase = Sucrose Amylase = Starch Lipase = Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hardened beads from the enzyme immobilization can be reused.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The product of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction of sucrose is ______.

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Objectives

    • Define 'metabolism'

    • Compare solar and cellular energy

    • Define 'enzymes' and describe their structure and function in plant and animal metabolism

    • Explain the use of immobilised enzymes in bioprocessing

    • Detail enzyme immobilisation and its applications

    • Explain and investigate the effect of pH and temperature on enzyme activity

    Sources of Energy

    • Solar energy is energy from the sun.

    • Cellular energy is energy stored in the bonds within biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids).

    Catalysts and Enzymes

    • A catalyst speeds up a reaction without being consumed in the process.

    • Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up reactions without being consumed.

    • Enzymes are biological (or organic) catalysts, produced in living things.

    Enzyme Characteristics

    • Enzymes are proteins, manufactured in ribosomes.

    • Enzymes are specific, only working with certain substrates.

    • Enzymes function correctly only if they have the correct 3D shape.

    • Enzyme names usually end in "ase". Examples: lipase (acts on lipids), amylase (acts on amylose, a type of starch).

    Enzyme Action

    • Enzymes have an active site where substrates bind.

    • The substrate fits into the active site, like a lock and key.

    • The enzyme speeds up reactions by lowering the activation energy.

    • Starch is broken down by amylase to form maltose.

    Metabolism

    • Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that take place within an organism.

    • Metabolism controls the chemical and energy requirements of a cell, maintaining homeostasis (internal balance) within the organism.

    Catabolic Reactions

    • Catabolic reactions break down complex molecules into smaller ones, like the digestion of starch by amylase into maltose, releasing energy.

    Anabolic Reactions

    • Anabolic reactions build up complex molecules from smaller ones, e.g., photosynthesis, or DNA polymerase building DNA. They require energy.

    Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

    • Temperature: Enzyme activity increases with temperature until reaching an optimum. Moving past the optimum causes enzymes to denature.

    • pH: Enzymes typically have an optimum pH range; changes in pH cause enzymes to denature.

    Immobilised Enzymes

    • Immobilised enzymes are trapped in a material, typically a gel or bead.

    • This prevents the enzyme from diffusing or being lost.

    • This simplifies recovery and allows reuse.

    • The enzyme is separated from the products, which is better for industrial applications.

    Bioprocessing

    • Bioprocessing is the use of enzyme-controlled reactions to make products.

    • This can manufacture many things like cheeses, beer, antibiotics, vaccines and food flavourings.

    Catalase

    • Catalase is an enzyme found in many organisms. It converts hydrogen peroxide, a toxic substance, into water and oxygen.

    Experimental Methods - Temperature Effects

    • Vary temperatures to test catalase activity.

    • Monitor the produced foam volume.

    Experimental Methods - pH Effects

    • Introduce various pH buffers.

    • Observe effects on catalysed reactions.

    Enzyme Immobilisation Experiment - Procedure

    • Techniques used to immobilise enzymes include adsorption, covalent bonding, trapping in a membrane or gel.

    • Equipment includes beakers, stirring rods, electronic balance, graduated cylinder, syringes, distilled water, sodium alginate, yeast, calcium chloride.

    • Procedures involve mixing solutions, releasing drops, and hardening time periods at specific temperatures.

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